Abstract:
:International bodies such as International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) make provision for human exposure assessment based on SAR calculations (or measurements) and basic restrictions. In the case of base station exposure this is mostly applicable to occupational exposure scenarios in the very near field of these antennas where the conservative reference level criteria could be unnecessarily restrictive. This study presents a variety of critical aspects that need to be considered when calculating SAR in a human body close to a mobile phone base station antenna. A hybrid FEM/MoM technique is proposed as a suitable numerical method to obtain accurate results. The verification of the FEM/MoM implementation has been presented in a previous publication; the focus of this study is an investigation into the detail that must be included in a numerical model of the antenna, to accurately represent the real-world scenario. This is accomplished by comparing numerical results to measurements for a generic GSM base station antenna and appropriate, representative canonical and human phantoms. The results show that it is critical to take the disturbance effect of the human phantom (a large conductive body) on the base station antenna into account when the antenna-phantom spacing is less than 300 mm. For these small spacings, the antenna structure must be modeled in detail. The conclusion is that it is feasible to calculate, using the proposed techniques and methodology, accurate occupational compliance zones around base station antennas based on a SAR profile and basic restriction guidelines.
journal_name
Bioelectromagneticsjournal_title
Bioelectromagneticsauthors
van Wyk MJ,Bingle M,Meyer FJdoi
10.1002/bem.20122subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-09-01 00:00:00pages
502-9issue
6eissn
0197-8462issn
1521-186Xjournal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The present analysis was stimulated by previous findings on the possible influence of natural ultralow-frequency (ULF; 0.001-10 Hz) geomagnetic field variations on the cardiovascular system and indications of an effect of man-made ULF magnetic fields on the rate of myocardial infarction. In the present study, we consi...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1996)17:6<436::AID-BEM2>3.
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was a meta-analysis to examine whether electrical stimulation has specific effects in the healing of musculoskeletal repair process and in the diminution of symptoms with bone and joint disorders. Using MEDLINE (1966-1999) and EMBASE (1985-1999) a search for articles was carried out with four medical subjec...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/bem.106
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of mm-waves 60.22-62.22 GHz and 75 GHz on A-type K+ currents and the effects of 61.22 GHz on Ca2+ currents of Lymnaea neurons were investigated using a whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. The open end of a rectangular waveguide covered with a thin Teflon film served as a radiator. Specific absorption rates...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vertigo-like sensations or apparent perception of movement are reported by some subjects and operators in and around high field whole body magnetic resonance body scanners. Induced currents (which modulate the firing rate of the vestibular hair cell), magneto-hydrodynamics (MDH), and tissue magnetic susceptibility dif...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20316
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A mechanism is presented that predicts new biological effects of static and sinusoidal weak magnetic fields. The model is based on an earlier proposed interference mechanism of quantum states of ions within protein cavities. The quantum dynamics of an ion is studied for the case of ion-protein complexes that rotate in...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible effects of repeated night-time exposure to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on melatonin were investigated in nine healthy male subjects aged 23-37 yr. The 16-week experiment consisted of 3 weeks of pre-exposure, 11 weeks of night-time exposure to MF generated from a nonheated electric s...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1521-186x(200102)22:2<138::aid-bem1017>3.0
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnant squirrel monkeys were exposed to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at an equivalent power density of 10 mW/cm2 (SAR 3.4 mW/g) for three hours daily in a cavity-cage module. The exposure began when pregnancy was determined by a hormonal method, and continued through of offspring's first 9.5 months. After irradiation, t...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.2250020305
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have exposed cultured bone cells to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) for different times to find the minimal exposure time necessary to stimulate an increase of DNA synthesis. We used two different human osteosarcoma cell lines, TE-85 and MG-63, and human normal osteoblast cell (NHOC) obtained from surgical bo...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1999)20:3<177::aid-bem4>3.
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used exposure to microwaves from a global system for mobile communication (GSM) mobile phone (915 MHz, specific absorption rate (SAR) 37 mW/kg) and power frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 15 muT peak value) to investigate the response of lymphocytes from healthy subjects and from persons reporting hypersensitivity t...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20103
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The US National Electrical Code's (NEC) requirement to ground a home's electrical service to the residential water line results in a voltage between the water line and earth, V W-E. The voltage may result from ground return current that flows into the earth via the water line or from inductive effects from other sourc...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20033
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compares stationary home measurements with a personal exposure monitor of 60 Hz magnetic fields in a group of 18 people living near a 735 kV line and 17 people living far away from the line. Most of them were white collar workers who worked during the day. They wore a personal Positron meter for 24 h, while...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(199909)20:6<331::aid-bem1>
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were main...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.2250050107
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study describes the effects of a static magnetic field (SMF) on cell growth and DNA integrity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Fast halo assay was used to investigate nuclear damage; quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), standard PCR, and real-time PCR were used to evaluate mitochondri...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20591
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measurements have been made of vector current densities induced by vertical, uniform, 60-Hz electric fields in the torsos of homogeneous models of swine and rats. The observed data were a strong function of the five grounding configurations invested: all four feet grounded, only front feet grounded, only rear feet gro...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.2250090102
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ten experiments on pigs were performed to investigate possible postmortem changes of the dielectric properties of brain gray matter in the frequency range of 800-1900 MHz. After keeping the animals in stable anaesthesia for at least 45 min, they were euthanatised by an intravenous injection of hypertonic potassium chl...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.10122
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radiofrequency (5.28 MHz) electromagnetic radiation and low-temperature plasma were applied as short-term (2-15 min) seed treatments to two perennial woody plant species, including Smirnov's rhododendron (Rhododendron smirnowii Trautv.) and black mulberry (Morus nigra L.). Potential effects were evaluated using germin...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.22003
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To characterize the inhibitory effect of a static magnetic field, action potentials (AP) were elicited by intracellular application of 1 ms depolarizing current pulses of constant amplitude to the somata of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in monolayer dissociated cell culture. During the control period, < 5% ...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.2250160108
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impedance spectroscopy technique (IST) was used for studying the effect of a 0.5 T magnetic field on the electrical properties of whole human blood. A Solartron SI 1260 spectrometer was used to measure the impedance spectra of magnetic field exposed blood samples compared to non-exposed samples. An equivalent elec...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20132
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetite, the only known biogenic material with ferromagnetic properties, has been identified as a biochemical precipitate in three of the five kingdoms of living organisms, with a fossil record that now extends back nearly 2 billion years. In the magnetotactic bacteria, protoctists, and fish, single-domain crystals ...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/bem.2250100304
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure systems are usually subject to field disturbances induced by external sources. Here, a method for designing a feedback control system for cancelling the effect of external ELF magnetic field disturbances on the magnetic field over the exposure area is presented. Th...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1997)18:4<299::aid-bem2>3.
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of 1 Hz, 30 mT pulsed magnetic fields on young adult rat femoral metaphyseal bone thickness was assessed. Ten same litter, female Wistar rats were studied; five of them underwent 30 min magnetic stimulation sessions for 20 consecutive days. The anterior and posterior cortical, as well as trabecular bone tra...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20396
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted a pilot study to assess magnetic field levels in electric compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, and established a methodology that would provide valid data for further assessments. The sample consisted of 14 vehicles, all manufactured between January 2000 and April 2009; 6 were gasoline-powered vehicles ...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.21730
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Composition and content of lipids were studied in leaves of red perilla plants (Perilla nankinensis [Lour.] Decne.) grown in weak permanent horizontal magnetic field (PMF) of 500 µT flux density under controlled illumination, temperature, and humidity in the phytothron chamber. Control plants were grown under similar ...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.21957
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible effects of short-term exposure to a 1439-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) employing time division multiple access (TDMA), which is the basis of the Japanese Personal Digital Cellular system, on estrogenic activity in rats. Sixty-four ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawl...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20593
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is extensive literature on possible effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on human cognitive functions. However, due to methodological deficits (e.g., low statistical power, small sample sizes) findings have been inconsistent. In the current study we try to overcome these problems by carry...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/bem.20543
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of chronically applied static magnetic field (200 Gauss) on specific ATPase activities and bioelectrical and biomechanical responses in isolated rat diaphragm muscle. The mean activities of Na(+)-K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase determined from the diaphragm homogenates were sig...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.2250160302
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drosophila larvae reared inside a micro-metal box with an internal field strength 0.004 microT, were treated with a magnetic field of 50 Hz, 8 microT. for 20 min. Control experienced 0.004 microT. Cellular transcript levels were assessed using slot blots and quantified using a Phosphorimager. Blots were hybridised usi...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the effect produced on the development and functional activity of skeletal muscle cells from newborn Wistar rats in primary culture by weak static magnetic fields (WSMF; 60-400 µT) with a high capacity of penetrating the biological media. To reduce the impact of external magnetic fields, cells were cultured...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.21876
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present article reviews the basic principles of a new approach to the characterization of pulmonary disease. This approach is based on the unique nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of the lung and combines experimental measurements (using specially developed NMR techniques) with theoretical simulations. T...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1999)20:4+<110::aid-bem13>
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extent of electromagnetic interference (EMI) from 16.7-Hz alternate current power lines in the human surface electrocardiogram (ECG) was evaluated. Results showed a direct linear correlation between mean EMI and magnetic induction of 5.8-21 microT on a railroad platform (electric field: 270 V/m). EMI inside a rail...
journal_title:Bioelectromagnetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/bem.20319
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00