Abstract：
:For the first wave of pandemic influenza or a bioterrorist influenza attack, antiviral agents would be one of the few options to contain the epidemic in the United States until adequate supplies of vaccine were available. The authors use stochastic epidemic simulations to investigate the effectiveness of targeted antiviral prophylaxis to contain influenza. In this strategy, close contacts of suspected index influenza cases take antiviral agents prophylactically. The authors compare targeted antiviral prophylaxis with vaccination strategies. They model an influenza pandemic or bioterrorist attack for an agent similar to influenza A virus (H2N2) that caused the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957-1958. In the absence of intervention, the model predicts an influenza illness attack rate of 33% of the population (95% confidence interval (CI): 30, 37) and an influenza death rate of 0.58 deaths/1,000 persons (95% Cl: 0.4, 0.8). With the use of targeted antiviral prophylaxis, if 80% of the exposed persons maintained prophylaxis for up to 8 weeks, the epidemic would be contained, and the model predicts a reduction to an illness attack rate of 2% (95% Cl: 0.2, 16) and a death rate of 0.04 deaths/1,000 persons (95% CI: 0.0003, 0.25). Such antiviral prophylaxis is nearly as effective as vaccinating 80% of the population. Vaccinating 80% of the children aged less than 19 years is almost as effective as vaccinating 80% of the population. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis has potential as an effective measure for containing influenza until adequate quantities of vaccine are available.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Longini IM Jr,Halloran ME,Nizam A,Yang Ydoi
10.1093/aje/kwh092subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-04-01 00:00:00pages
623-33issue
7eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
159pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:This paper concerns the effects of random error in numerical measurements of risk factors (covariates) in relative risk regressions. When not dependent on outcome (nondifferential), such error usually attenuates relative risk estimates (shifts them toward one) and leads to spuriously narrow confidence intervals. The p...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115761
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship between sleep and obesity or weight gain in adults, particularly older populations, remains unclear. In a cohort of 83,377 US men and women aged 51-72 years, we prospectively investigated the association between self-reported sleep duration and weight change over an average of 7.5 years of follow-up (...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt180
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reasons for health disparities may include neighborhood-level factors, such as availability of health services, social norms, and environmental determinants, as well as individual-level factors. Investigating health inequalities using nationally or locally representative data often requires an approach that can accomm...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu040
更新日期：2014-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Regression equations, based on scutal index (body length/scutal width), were developed to determine the duration of attachment for nymphal and adult female lxodes scapularis ticks. Feeding times were calculated for 444 nymphal and 300 female ticks submitted by bite victims between 1985 and 1989 in Westchester County, ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008728
更新日期：1996-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Religion and spirituality are important social determinants that drive public health practice. The field of epidemiology has played a vital role in answering long-standing questions about whether religion is causally associated with health and mortality. As epidemiologists spark new conversations (e.g., see Kawachi (A...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwaa022
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies suggest that micronutrients, especially folate, calcium, iron, and antioxidant vitamins, affect the risk of colorectal neoplasia. The objective of this case-control study was to examine the association between these micronutrients and the risk of colorectal adenomas. The study was based on 236 cases wit...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008871
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measures of socioeconomic status have been shown to be related positively to levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in white men and women and negatively in African American men. However, there is little information regarding the association between educational attainment and HDL fractions or apolipoprot...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009696
更新日期：1998-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The results of a case-control study in Toronto, Canada, demonstrated a two-fold risk of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix among current smokers relative to women who had never smoked. This significant effect of smoking was not diminished by simultaneously adjusting for age, education, and indices of sexua...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113279
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation between measures of general and central adiposity and individual cardiovascular endpoints remains understudied in older adults. This study investigated the association of measures of body size and composition with incident ischemic stroke or coronary heart disease (1989-2007) in 3,754 community-dwelling U...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq311
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation of adenocarcinoma of the facial sinuses and exposure to wood dust has been recognized for 20 years. As the tracheobronchial mucosa is similar to that lining the sinuses, a link between bronchial adenocarcinoma and wood dust exposure has been postulated. To test this hypothesis, a case-control study was co...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115444
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurement of dietary change was assessed in a systematic quota subsample (n = 397) of women recruited into the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study between 1996 and 1998, a multicenter, randomized dietary intervention trial among breast cancer survivors. Women from the intervention and comparison arms completed t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/aje/kwg025
更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors investigated whether red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality in a community cohort in Taiwan. The influence of anemia on the association was also assessed. RDW levels were measured in 3,226 participants aged 35 years o...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp360
更新日期：2010-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Bias due to selective mortality is a potential concern in many studies and is especially relevant in cognitive aging research because cognitive impairment strongly predicts subsequent mortality. Biased estimation of the effect of an exposure on rate of cognitive decline can occur when mortality is a common effect of e...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwv451
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The availability of DNA fingerprinting techniques for Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to attempts to estimate the extent of recent transmission in populations, using the assumption that groups of tuberculosis patients with identical isolates ("clusters") are likely to reflect recently acquired infections. It is nev...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009822
更新日期：1999-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors conducted a population-based case-control study to investigate whether clinically observed chickenpox, linked with a level of intensity for clinical expression, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood. The cases were MS patients whose disease onset occurred between 1994 and 2003, before ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp039
更新日期：2009-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A recent trial showed that universal decolonization in adult intensive care units (ICUs) resulted in greater reductions in all bloodstream infections and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than either targeted decolonization or screening and isolation. Since regional health-care fa...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kww008
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the summer of 1991, four inmates from prison A in Upstate New York died of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. To determine the extent of resistant tuberculosis at prison A and transmission patterns, the authors interviewed staff and reviewed medical records and inmate movement histories. Contact investigation resul...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117222
更新日期：1994-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A seroepidemiologic study of prevalence of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was simultaneously done in four populations: group I, nuns working as nurses or school teachers; group II, women admitted to a upper socioeconomic private hospital; group III, women admitted to a lower socioeconomic county hospital, and group...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112168
更新日期：1975-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a 1995-1996 cohort study in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh, morbidity in 117 hospitalized and 137 acute measles cases compared with age-matched children without measles (unexposed) was determined by weekly interview for 6 months. Compared with unexposed children, there were higher incidences of hospitalization (adju...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010267
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glioma risk has consistently been inversely associated with allergy history but not with smoking history despite putative biologic plausibility. Data from 855 high-grade glioma cases and 1,160 controls from 4 geographic regions of the United States during 1997-2008 were analyzed for interactions between allergy and sm...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr124
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Decline in cognitive function in the elderly is common and represents a major clinical and public health concern. Aspirin may reduce the decline in cognitive function by influencing multi-infarct dementia, but data are sparse. The East Boston Senior Health Project is a population-based cohort study that enrolled 3,809...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008801
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiology is the study of the causes and distributions of diseases in human populations so that we may identify ways to prevent and control disease. Although this definition broadly serves us well, I suggest that in recent decades, our discipline's robust interest in identifying causes has come at the expense of a ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt172
更新日期：2013-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Medication use is often underreported in paper-based questionnaires or interviews. Web-based questionnaires may improve recall of medication use, but data on their validity are currently lacking. Participants in the Pregnancy and Infant Development (PRIDE) Study (2014-2016; n = 557) and the Pregnancy Drug Registry (pR...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx239
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertensive complications of pregnancy contribute to the burden of maternal morbidity and subsequently have an impact on neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although codes from the International Classification of Diseases should delineate the specific subtypes of pregnancy-related hypertension, how diagnoses are applie...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm141
更新日期：2007-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Neutralizing antibodies to the Inoue-Melnick virus were detected in healthy adults in Osaka and in Houston. For adults, the prevalence rate for the cross-reacting type 3 virus was 13.8 per cent in Osaka and 29.1 per cent in Houston. Antibodies were also found in immune serum globulin prepared from American adults, but...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114560
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Few studies have focused on the impact of weight maintenance on cardiovascular disease risk factors or addressed whether changes differ by baseline weight status and medication usage. The authors examined these issues using 9 years of follow-up data on 3,235 men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwk072
更新日期：2007-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal angiogenic factors (placental growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1), and soluble endoglin) may be associated with fetal growth restriction, and the associations may differ according to stage of pregnancy. Among children born to pregnant women without preeclampsia in Norway between 1992 and...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq373
更新日期：2011-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Approximately 40,000 blood samples drawn in 1968-1972 by the Social Insurance Institution's mobile clinic in Finland have been stored. Linking cancer incidence data obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry with this material yielded 32 cases of cervical cancer diagnosed after drawing of the blood sample. These 32 ind...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116656
更新日期：1993-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous reports have shown that peptic ulcer mortality follows birth cohorts. To the authors' knowledge, temporal variation in ulcer incidence has not been studied. Therefore, they present incidence data for a defined area of western Norway where 1,312 patients born between 1845 and 1975 were treated for ulcer perfor...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117519
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence rates in India were estimated using a new method that accounts for follow-up bias. Follow-up bias arises in epidemiologic cohort studies when the incidence rate among individuals who do and do not return for follow-up are different. The new method combines data on the preva...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117700
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
