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Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation.

Abstract：

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relation between maternal smoking habits, plasma lipids and milk fatty acid (FA) content and composition. DESIGN:Breastfeeding mothers who gave birth to healthy, full-term infants were recruited. Mothers were interviewed on smoking habits, being defined smokers (S) when usually smoking at least five cigarettes per day before pregnancy. SETTING:Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy. SUBJECTS:In total, 92 mothers: 61 non-S (NS) and 31 S. INTERVENTIONS:Pooled hindmilk was collected at the first raise of milk (colostrum stage), 1, 3 and 6 months, and total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Maternal dietary habits were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Two subsamples (16 NS, 6 S) were investigated after delivery and at 3 months for serum lipids and FA status. At 6 months after delivery, the number of mothers still breastfeeding decreased to 30. Variables were compared using nonparametric tests. RESULTS:In smoking mothers serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins were higher, while those of high-density lipoproteins were lower. TL content in breast milk was similar in the two groups just after delivery but higher in milk from NS at 1 month. TL content and FA absolute amounts of linoleic, arachidonic, alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid in breast milk were lower in S vs NS 1 month after delivery. Also 3 months after delivery, the breast milk of smoking mothers contained less DHA than the breast milk of nonsmoking mothers. CONCLUSIONS:Maternal cigarette smoking in early pregnancy is associated with higher plasma lipid levels and lower milk TL and DHA content in the first months of lactation.

journal_name

Eur J Clin Nutr

journal_title

European journal of clinical nutrition

authors

Agostoni C,Marangoni F,Grandi F,Lammardo AM,Giovannini M,Riva E,Galli C

doi

10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601711

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2003-11-01 00:00:00

pages

1466-72

issue

eissn

0954-3007

issn

1476-5640

pii

1601711

journal_volume

pub_type

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Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation.