Abstract：
:Cholesterol plays an essential role in cell membrane synthesis and in cell growth and differentiation. In mammalian cells, cholesterol can be synthesized from acetate precursors or taken up from dietary or exogenous sources. The major catabolic route for disposal of cholesterol involves conversion into excretable bile acids. The maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis is influenced and carefully controlled by multiple feedback mechanisms. The key regulatory targets of these feedback mechanisms are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in cholesterol uptake, and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in cholesterol catabolism. The elucidation of regulatory mechanisms in cholesterol metabolism has been greatly facilitated by the discovery of a new class of lipid-lowering drugs, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. In addition to proving therapeutically useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, these drugs have revealed novel regulatory steps in cholesterol metabolism and several new targets for future drug development. This manuscript reviews recent developments in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory mechanisms that maintain cholesterol homeostasis.
journal_name
Cardiovasc Drugs Therjournal_title
Cardiovascular drugs and therapyauthors
Russell DWdoi
10.1007/BF00054556subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-04-01 00:00:00pages
103-10issue
2eissn
0920-3206issn
1573-7241journal_volume
6pub_type
社论,评审abstract：PURPOSE:The glucose-lowering drug metformin has recently been shown to reduce myocardial oxygen consumption and increase myocardial efficiency in chronic heart failure (HF) patients without diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether these beneficial myocardial effects are associated with metformin-induced ...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10557-020-07050-5
更新日期：2020-08-08 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Although the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension has been well established, no data has been generated regarding the influence of ACE inhibitors for health-related quality-of-life (QOL) dimensions for Chinese patients. MATERIALS:A double-blind, active-contro...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1023/a:1020648405680
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of administration of guava and papaya fruit (100 g/day), vegetables, and mustard oil (5 g/day) (group A); antioxidant vitamins C (50 mg/day) and E (30 mg/day), plus betacarotene (10 mg/day) (group B); a high-fat (5-10 g/day) (group C); or a low-fat (4-5 g/day) diet (group D) were compared over 24 diet week...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00879869
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mivazerol, 3-[1(H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]-2-hydroxybenzamide hydrochloride, is a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist designed for the prevention of myocardial infarction in perioperative patients. Because unintended hypothermia occurs frequently during surgery, we were interested, in this study, to examine the relati...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1007762107360
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To evaluate whether aleglitazar (Ale), a dual PPARα/γ agonist, has additive effects on myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Human cardiomyocytes (HCMs), cardiomyocytes from cardiac-specific PPARγ knockout (MCM-PPARγ (CKO) ) or wild type (MCM-WT) mice were incubated with different ...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10557-016-6650-9
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Suppression of formation of angiotensin II (A-II) is thought to be a major contributor to the hemodynamic response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-in) therapy. However, angiotensin II (A-II) plasma levels may rebound during ACE-in treatment. The study sought to verify the feasibility, safety, and tole...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1023/a:1007739412802
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of calcium antagonists and diuretics in combination for treatment of hypertension is controversial. In a single-blind study 16 patients (8 men, 8 women, age range 39 to 62 years) with primary hypertension of mild to moderate degree were given slow-release nifedipine 20 mg twice daily for 6 weeks, thereafter ei...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF02125751
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The time course of myocardial ischemia was studied in canine myocardium by electron microscopy. Ischemia of the myocardium produces ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria, nuclei, contractile apparatus, and the SR- and T-tubular system that are accompanied by loss of glycogen and intracellular edema. These change...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00054248
更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:High health service expenditure on the one hand, and the politically declared objective of stability of statutory contributions and restriction of public funds on the other hand, have been central points of the political and social discussion for several years. The over-proportional increase in health servic...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1015323700206
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A succession of theories arising from last century has attempted to explain why patients with damaged hearts develop peripheral edema. Opposed to the original simple concepts of backward failure, a number of theories of forward failure have been proposed, the cardiac output being considered inadequate for capillary pe...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00877921
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early reperfusion represents the key strategy in ST elevation myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion may induce myocardial damage due to the reperfusion myocardial injury, compromising the full potential of reperfusion therapy and accounting for unfavourable results in high risk patients. Adenosine seems to atten...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10557-015-6606-5
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excess activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is linked to human obese hypertension and to salt-sensitive hypertension. Paradoxically, reduced SNS activity has been implicated as a contributor to obesity, particularly in animal models, and salt loading usually inhibits SNS activity. We have investigated the ...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00120497
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To characterize the effects of OPC-8212, a quinolone inotropic agent, in patients with heart failure, we utilized invasive hemodynamics, exercise testing, 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms, and two patient self-assessment questionnaires, before and after 1 month of treatment with OPC-8212, in 17 patients with mode...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00054205
更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of altered extracellular K+ concentrations ([K+]o) and pacing cycle lengths (CLs) on the electrophysiological actions of dofetilide (UK-68,798), a potent class III antiarrhythmic agent, were examined in isolated guinea-pig ventricular papillary muscle. At a normal [K+]o (4 mM) and at CL between 300 and 500...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00054193
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies in the seventies have put forward that dietary rather than genetic factors are responsible for the lower incidence of ischemic heart disease in Greenland Inuit and have generated a large body of both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, exploring the putative favorable effects of fish (oi...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00877326
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tracer techniques have provided new insight in cardiology by allowing noninvasive studies of myocardial perfusion, function, metabolism, and, more recently, ligand-receptor interaction. Positron emission tomography allows accurate quantification and the use of natural substrates labelled with 11C, 13N, or 15O. Myocard...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00051291
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review we attempt to determine the role of calcium channel blockers in preventing cardiovascular sequelae in patients with both hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The data have been collected from three sources: post-hoc analyses of subgroups of diabetic patients in placebo-controlled hypertension trials (SHE...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1007891121240
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of the present study was to test whether the administration of a vascular-selective organic calcium antagonist (nisoldipine) at the onset of early mechanical reperfusion (by coronary angioplasty) in acute myocardial infarction could prevent or attenuate postischemic stunning and enhance the recovery of lef...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1023/a:1007713118941
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to define the role of beta-adrenergic blockade and direct membrane effects in the ability of dl-propranolol to alter ventricular repolarization and refractoriness in the intact heart. The effective refractory period (ERP) and the local Q-T interval were measured at an epicardial site in t...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02125746
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the fact that beta blockers were introduced into clinical practice 25 years ago, new beta blockers with differing kinetic and dynamic profiles continue to be developed and marketed. This overview assesses some of the more extensively studied agents from the point of view of proof of utility and the validity of...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF03029726
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Percutaneous vascular interventions lead inevitably to a destruction of the endothelial lining at the site of injury. There are conflicting data on the therapeutic benefit of hematopoietic growth factors aiming at mobilisation of circulating endothelial cells to accelerate the reendothelialisation process. Ai...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10557-008-6117-8
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 82-year old man was admitted with acute pulmonary edema. Myocardial ischemia and electrolyte abnormalities were excluded and he responded promptly to frusemide, nitrates and morphine. On admission, the duration of the QRS interval was markedly abnormal at 240 ms with a nonspecific intraventricular conduction defect...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1027384731525
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pathogenetic theories and treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon are reviewed. In primary Raynaud's disease, most evidence supports a local defect at the digital artery level, with vasoconstriction or vasospasm of the digital arteries inducing the color changes. Normal sympathetic activity, low transmural arterial dist...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00053426
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in the USA. Once a patient experiences an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), they are at increased risk for hospital readmission within 30 days and 6 months after discharge and more importantly, they have worse survival. Hospital readmissions lead to po...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10557-018-6798-6
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When choosing antihypertensive agents for the treatment of hypertension, it is necessary to consider the predisposition of individuals to renal damage, which may be associated with the long-term effect of such agents. In this respect, this study examined the effect of two commonly used antihypertensive drugs (Brinerdi...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00879029
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In patients with hypertension persisting on combined diuretic and beta-blocker therapy, the effects of an additional 9-week therapy with a calcium antagonist (nifedipine) versus a classical arterial vasodilator (hydralazine) were compared for changes in blood pressure (BP), plasma catecholamines (n = 15), and left ven...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF01857760
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Treatment of atherosclerotic rabbits with intravenous methotrexate or etoposide carried in lipid nanoemulsions (LDE) markedly reduced the lesions in the aorta. Here, the combined treatment with LDE-methotrexate and LDE-etoposide was investigated aiming to increase the anti-atherosclerosis effect. METHODS:Thirt...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10557-014-6566-1
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Several beta blocking drugs (BB) reduce mortality in systolic heart failure (LVSD). We have compared the initial response to introduction of carvedilol and bisoprolol during the standard dose titration protocols for each drug. METHODS:Approximately 31 unselected patients with stable LVSD were randomised t...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s10557-007-6055-x
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Beta-blocker-induced benefit in heart failure is under intense evaluation. Several large-scale mortality trials are currently being performed, with CIBIS II evaluating bisoprolol. The economic impact of beta-blocker therapy in heart failure has not been previously determined. The present study is a cost-effectiveness ...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1023/a:1007773901631
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of equipotent concentrations of diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine upon the accumulation of extracellular potassium [K+]out and the left ventricular pressure (LVP) were studied during global ischemia in isolated perfused rat hearts. Measurement of [K+]out and LVP were performed in two series of experimen...
journal_title：Cardiovascular drugs and therapy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00143532
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
