Abstract:
:We sought to summarize and assess original evaluations of the economic impact of clinical pharmacy services published from 1996-2000, and to provide recommendations and methodologic considerations for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles that were then blinded and randomly assigned to reviewers who confirmed inclusion and abstracted key information. Results were compared with those of a similar review of literature published from 1988-1995. In the 59 included articles, the studies were conducted across a variety of practice sites that consisted of hospitals (52%), community pharmacies and clinics (41%), health maintenance organizations (3%), and long-term or intermediate care facilities (3%). They focused on a broad range of clinical pharmacy services such as general pharmacotherapeutic monitoring (47%), target drug programs (20%), disease management programs (10%), and patient education or cognitive services (10%). Compared with the studies of the previous review, a greater proportion of evaluations were conducted in community pharmacies or clinics, and the types of services evaluated tended to be more comprehensive rather than specialized. Articles were categorized by type of evaluation: 36% were considered outcome analyses, 24% full economic analyses, 17% outcome descriptions, 15% cost and outcome descriptions, and 8% cost analyses. Compared with the studies of the previous review, a greater proportion of studies in the current review used more rigorous study designs. Most studies reported positive financial benefits of the clinical pharmacy service evaluated. In 16 studies, a benefit:cost ratio was reported by the authors or was able to be calculated by the reviewers (these ranged from 1.7:1-17.0:1, median 4.68:1). The body of literature from this 5-year period provides continued evidence of the economic benefit of clinical pharmacy services. Although the quality of study design has improved, whenever possible, future evaluations of this type should incorporate methodologies that will further enhance the strength of evidence of this literature and the conclusions that may be drawn from it.
journal_name
Pharmacotherapyjournal_title
Pharmacotherapyauthors
Schumock GT,Butler MG,Meek PD,Vermeulen LC,Arondekar BV,Bauman JL,2002 Task Force on Economic Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacy Services of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy.doi
10.1592/phco.23.1.113.31910subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-01-01 00:00:00pages
113-32issue
1eissn
0277-0008issn
1875-9114journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
PHARMACOTHERAPY文献大全abstract::To determine salary and selected fringe benefits of members of the Ambulatory Care Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, we developed a self-administered questionnaire that surveyed demographic information, schooling and training, academic appointments, yearly salary (as of Februa...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with high mortality rates despite recent therapeutic advances. Both disease states involve uncontrolled host defense responses that lead to inflammation, endothelial damage, enhanced coagulation, diminished fibrinolysis and...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.22.13.1140.33519
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) originally predominated in large medical centers; however, these isolates are now common in community hospitals and community clinics. No simple answer is available regarding control of antimicrobial-resistant bacte...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.12.129s.31702
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity (CMN) is a common form of iatrogenic acute renal failure. Typically, patients experience changes in serum creatinine or creatinine clearance between 1 and 5 days after exposure to a contrast medium, but they rarely require dialysis. The mechanism for CMN is not understood, but re...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.20.6.540.35154
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the emergence of new anticoagulants, clinicians need a thorough understanding of coagulation assays. Various laboratory assays exist to measure the effectiveness of anticoagulants. Coagulation assays are the primary method for measuring the effectiveness of anticoagulants; therefore, a comprehensive understanding...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.1283
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two patients with chronic kidney disease experienced a major bleeding event, retroperitoneal hematoma, requiring a blood transfusion after the administration of enoxaparin. The first patient was a 61-year-old Caucasian woman with multiple comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease stage 4. She received subcutaneo...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.25.5.769.63596
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concerns about cross-allergenicity between sulfonamide antibiotics and nonantibiotic, sulfonamide-containing drugs persist and can complicate patients' drug therapy unnecessarily. No interaction between the human immune system and the sulfonamide functional group has been demonstrated. The immunologic determinant of t...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.24.9.856.36106
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A popular garlic preparation containing 1.3% allicin at a large dose (2400 mg) was evaluated in this open-label study in nine patients with rather severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > or = 115 mm Hg). Sitting blood pressure fell 7/16 (+/- 3/2 SD) mm Hg at peak effect approximately 5 hours after the dose, wi...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer is 6-12-fold higher than in the general population, and VTE is the second leading cause of death in this population, after cancer itself. The etiology underlying the increased risk of VTE is multifactorial and complex, involving patient-, tumor-, and tre...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.29.11.1344
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, complex, idiosyncratic drug reaction that can be fatal. Systemic symptoms include lymphadenopathy, hepatic failure, and possibly renal failure. The syndrome has been primarily associated with anticonvulsants, whereas antimicrobials are less ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/phar.1142
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States and also occurs in immunocompromised persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.. Several advances have taken place in the treatment and prophylaxis of PCP,...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study documents a pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and cyclosporine (CsA) in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Noncompartmental steady-state CsA pharmacokinetics were determined in three pediatric renal transplant recipients who were receiving both CsA and carbamazepine as long-term therapy ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical significance of rifampin's induction of warfarin metabolism is well documented, but no published studies or case reports have quantified this interaction with respect to the international normalized ratio (INR). A patient receiving concomitant rifampin and warfarin to treat a mycobacterial infection and i...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.21.15.1240.33897
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 69-year-old woman was admitted for control of intractable rectal pain caused by a 4-cm malignant mass. She was treated successfully with EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream applied every 8 hours and covered with a Xeroform dressing. Despite an increase in tumor size to 6 cm, her pain control was maint...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 200 patients with moderate to moderately severe anxiety we compared the anxiolytic efficacy and safety of alprazolam and lorazepam. Dosing was flexible and ranged from 1 to 4.5 mg/day of alprazolam and from 2 to 9 mg/day of lorazepam. The mean daily dose at the end of the...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03327.x
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Midazolam is a commonly used sedative in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care unit (ICU) settings worldwide. We used a nine-step decision-making algorithm to determine whether therapeutic monitoring of midazolam in the ICU is warranted. Midazolam has a higher clearance and shorter half-li...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.27.3.389
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the United States and is the number one cause of long-term disability. Legislative mandates, largely the result of the American Heart Association, American Stroke Association, and Brain Attack Coalition working cooperatively, have resulted in nationwide standardization...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.30.5.493
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Severe thermal injury is associated with hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism, leading to skeletal muscle breakdown, lean body mass loss, weight loss, and negative nitrogen balance. Muscle protein catabolism in patients with severe thermal injury is the result of stress-induced increased release of cytokines and counte...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.29.2.213
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine whether alvimopan for prevention of postoperative ileus in patients undergoing small- or large-bowel resection by laparotomy is associated with lower total costs compared with standard care. DESIGN:Pharmacoeconomic analysis using a formal decision model. DATA SOURCE:Four phase III clinica...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/PHAR.1047
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This commentary from the 2010 Task Force on Acute Care Practice Model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy was developed to compare and contrast the "unit-based" and "service-based" orientation of the clinical pharmacist within an acute care pharmacy practice model and to offer an informed opinion concerning w...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/PHAR.1042
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading gram-negative organisms associated with nosocomial infections. The increasing frequency of multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) strains is concerning as efficacious antimicrobial options are severely limited. By searching MEDLINE from January 1966-February 20...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.10.1353
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We characterized the effects of peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide (PAHP) reprocessing on hemodialyzer permeability to water and solutes of various molecular weights and compared these effects within and between dialyzers. An aqueous-based solution containing urea, creatinine, vancomycin, inulin, myoglobin, and albumin ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.19.13.1042.31587
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has proven to be a major pathogen with the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections and recently with heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infections. Although vancomycin is traditionally a first-l...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.1577
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gram-negative septicemia due to central venous catheter-related infection is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among patients who undergo hemodialysis. Antibiotic-heparin locks are valuable for preserving access sites and lowering the cost and inconvenience associated with central venous catheter replacement ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.22.1.105.33507
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atorvastatin calcium is an HMG-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase inhibitor that was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on December 17, 1996. Like other such agents, it inhibits the action of HMG-CoA reductase and thereby decreases endogenous cholesterol synthesis, leading to a decrease in circulating low-density li...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine the bioavailability and renal elimination of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and its inactive metabolite acetyl-para-aminosalicylic acid (AcPAS) from a new PAS formulation. DESIGN:(a) Single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers; (b) Day-1 and day-8 pharmacokinetic comparison in ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1994.tb02787.x
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant) are an alternative to oral contraceptives and medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscular injections. An interaction may exist between levonorgestrel and agents that induce the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. A 21-year-old woman with a history of a seizure disorder, treated with phen...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To evaluate hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT), and to examine the relationship of the ERMBT to plasma concentrations of indinavir and nelfinavir. DESIGN:Prospective observational study....
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.20.11.898.35262
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of having an antimicrobial allergy label in the medical record on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study. SETTING:Urban academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS:A total of 11,872 adults admitted to nonsurgical patient care wards who received ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.31.8.742
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past decade, patient safety issues during care transitions have gained greater attention at both the local and national level. Readmission rates to U.S. hospitals are high, often because of poor care transitions. Serious adverse drug events (ADEs) caused by an incomplete understanding of changes in complex ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/phar.1215
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00