Abstract:
:Unlike most bodily organs, the central nervous system (CNS) exists behind a blood-tissue barrier designed to minimize the passage of cells and macromolecules into the neural parenchyma. Yet, the CNS is routinely and effectively surveyed by the immune system. This review examines the mechanisms and participants in this immunological surveillance mechanism. The nature of the healthy blood-brain barrier, factors modifying it, and its central position in determining the number and nature of leukocytes permitted to enter, are considered. In addition the role in surveillance played by lymphatic drainage, migrating T and B lymphocytes, and elements of the monocyte/macrophage/microglia family are considered. While all these participants are known to be important in responding to a CNS antigen and/or establishing a site of inflammation in the nervous system, they also are major elements in maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS and permitting the necessary immunological surveillance of that organ.
journal_name
Gliajournal_title
Gliaauthors
Hickey WFdoi
10.1002/glia.1101subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-11-01 00:00:00pages
118-24issue
2eissn
0894-1491issn
1098-1136pii
10.1002/glia.1101journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
GLIA文献大全abstract::Astrocytes express gap junction proteins and multiple types of P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that contribute to the propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves (ICW). To gain access to the role played by gap junctional communication in ICW propagation generated by P2YR activation, we selectively expressed P2Y(1,2,4)R subtypes a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20071
更新日期:2004-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new cells go through a series of stages associated with proliferative activity. The most highly proliferative cell type is an intermediate precursor cell, called type-2 cell. We here report that on the level of type-2 cells a transition takes place between features asso...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20407
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dorsal root entry zone is a PNS-CNS junction between Schwann cells and astrocytes, defining the site where dorsal root ganglia (DRG) axons enter the adult mammalian spinal cord. Following dorsal root injury (rhizotomy), DRG axons regenerate within the PNS environment of the root but stop at the DREZ and fail to re...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A role for free radicals has been proposed in infectious brain disease, where resident microglia cells upregulate the inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS), and thus are capable of producing nitric oxide at enhanced rates. Using the constitutively expressed NADPH oxidase, microglial cells can generate superox...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1098-1136(200010)32:1<51::aid-glia50>3.0.c
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility of a modular organization of non-neuronal elements was analyzed in the opercular region of the striate neocortex in adult New World monkeys. For this purpose, and in order to follow possible correlations in the general organization of neuronal and astroglial elements, immunocytochemical procedures for ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells are believed to play an important role in the control of blood-brain barrier permeability and transport. Astrocytes and endothelial cells respond to a variety of stimuli with an increase of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) that is propagated to adjacent cells a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Remyelination is in the center of new therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis to resolve and improve disease symptoms and protect axons from further damage. Although remyelination is considered beneficial in the long term, it is not known, whether this is also the case early in lesion formation. Additionally...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23167
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Even though the immune privileged status of the central nervous system (CNS) limits access of systemic immune cells through the blood brain barrier (BBB), an immune response can occur in this compartment with or without major breach of the BBB. In this review, we consider properties of resident cells of the CNS, that ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Signaling through fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) is essential for many cellular processes including proliferation and migration, as well as differentiation events such as myelination. Anosmin-1 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22609
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Loss of axons is a major contributor to nonremitting deficits in the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on biophysical studies showing that activity of axonal sodium channels can trigger axonal degeneration, recent studies have tested sodium channel-blocking drugs in experimental autoimm...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20112
更新日期:2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Bmi1 is a polycomb group (Pc-G) protein involved in heritable gene repression, maintenance of cell identity, and proliferation. During the development of the central nervous system, Bmi1 is crucial for self-renewal of neural stem cells and for proliferation of neuronal (granule cell) progenitors of the cerebellum. Her...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21184
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease are characterized neuropathologically by extracellular deposits of Abeta and PrP amyloid fibrils, respectively. In both disorders, these cerebral amyloid deposits are co-localized with a broad variety of inflammation-related proteins (complement factors, acute-phase protein, ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.10146
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on their typical pattern of membrane currents, four populations of glial cells could be identified in thin brain slices of the postnatal hippocampus. In the present study, we applied the patch-clamp technique to glial cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, which are characterized by a complex pattern of different ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199607)17:3<181::AID-GLIA1
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes are the gatekeepers of neuronal energy supply. In neurodegenerative diseases, bioenergetics demand increases and becomes reliant upon fatty acid oxidation as a source of energy. Defective fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunctions correlate with hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory deficits in ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23534
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes, together with microglia and macrophages, participate in innate inflammatory responses in the CNS. Although inflammatory mediators such as interferons generated by astrocytes may be critical in the defense of the CNS, sustained unopposed cytokine signaling could result in harmful consequences. Interferon re...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21233
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes are actively involved in the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the brain. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling, especially Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is considered to be crucial for the regulation of astrocytic functions. Mice with genetic ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23531
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a critical relationship between oligodendrocyte development, myelin production, and iron bioavailability. Iron deficiency leads to hypomyelination both in humans and animal models, and the neurological sequelae of hypomyelination are significant. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms of iron import in...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21164
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gamma-secretase is an aspartyl protease composed of four proteins: presenilin (PS), nicastrin (Nct), APH1, and PEN2. These proteins assemble into a membrane complex that cleaves a variety of substrates within the transmembrane domain. The gamma-secretase cleavage products play an important role in various biological p...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20638
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several lines of evidence indicate that the elaborated calcium signals and the occurrence of calcium waves in astrocytes provide these cells with a specific form of excitability. The identification of the cellular and molecular steps involved in the triggering and transmission of Ca(2+) waves between astrocytes result...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20374
更新日期:2006-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes support neurons not only physically but also chemically by secreting neurotrophic factors and energy substrates. Moreover, astrocytes establish a glial network and communicate through gap junctions in the brain. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is one of major component proteins in astrocytic gap junctions. Heterozygote ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20399
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The removal by phagocytosis of degenerated myelin is central for repair in Wallerian degeneration that follows traumatic injury to axons and in autoimmune demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). We tested for roles played by the cAMP cascade in the regulation of myelin phagocytosis mediated by complement re...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20303
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myelin biogenesis is a complex process involving coordinated exocytosis, endocytosis, mRNA transport, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Although abnormalities of myelin are common in lysosomal storage diseases, our understanding of the role of lysosomes in the formation and maintenance of myelin is still limited. Here, we sh...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21263
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia are intrinsic immune cells in the brain. In response to neurodegenerative events, excessively activated microglia change their shapes and release various cytokines leading to the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Because the intracellular mechanisms of this process are still unclear, we h...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22306
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its receptor TrkC are known to be important for neuronal survival. More recently, NT-3 has been implicated as playing a role in oligodendrocyte (OL) proliferation and survival in vitro. Examination of NT-3 and TrkC knockout mice revealed a reduction in NT-3-dependent neurons. To date, no stud...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial cells in vitro express at least two types (H1 and H2) of histamine receptors and three types (EP, FP, and TP) of prostanoid receptors. The receptors expressed by glial cells differ according to the cell type and source in the brain. Furthermore primary astrocytes of same type derived from the same brain region a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.440110205
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hormonal and locally produced steroids act in the nervous system as neuroendocrine regulators, as trophic factors and as neuromodulators and have a major impact on neural development and function. Glial cells play a prominent role in the local production of steroids and in the mediation of steroid effects on neurons a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20404
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to decrease proliferation in neurogenic niches in AD mouse models, but the effects on cell proliferation and differentiation in other brain areas have not been studied in detail. We analyzed cell proliferation in the cortex of wild type (WT) and APPswePS1dE9 trans...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22295
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemokines and their receptors play a decisive role in tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we describe the expression of the CXCL16-CXCR6-system in human schwannomas of different localization and in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. The transmembrane chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6/Bonzo were overe...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20651
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enriched preparations of oligodendrocytes, isolated either from adult bovine brain or from 30-day-old rat brain, eventually yield cultures in MEM-15% calf serum that contain, in addition to oligodendrocytes, proliferating astrocytes and variable numbers of fibroblast-like cells. If these cultures are switched to a ser...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.440010608
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of macroglia required for normal olfactory axonal regeneration throughout the lifetime of an individual. Recent evidence in the literature suggests that OECs transplanted into injured spinal cords may facilitate axonal regeneration. In this study, we evaluated the n...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00