Abstract:
:There is abundant evidence for abnormalities of the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) neurotransmitter systems in depression and anxiety disorders. The majority of evidence supports underactivation of serotonergic function and complex dysregulation of noradrenergic function, most consistent with overactivation of this system. Treatment for these disorders requires perturbation of these systems. Reproducible increases in serotonergic function and decreases in noradrenergic function accompany treatment with antidepressants, and these alterations may be necessary for antidepressant efficacy. Dysregulation of these systems clearly mediates many symptoms of depression and anxiety. The underlying causes of these disorders, however, are less likely to be found within the NE and 5HT systems, per se. Rather their dysfunction is likely due to their role in modulating, and being modulated by, other neurobiologic systems that together mediate the symptoms of affective illness. Clarification of noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of various brain regions may yield a greater understanding of specific symptomatology, as well as the underlying circuitry involved in euthymic and abnormal mood and anxiety states. Disrupted cortical regulation may mediate impaired concentration and memory, together with uncontrollable worry. Hypothalamic abnormalities likely contribute to altered appetite, libido, and autonomic symptoms. Thalamic and brainstem dysregulation contributes to altered sleep and arousal states. Finally, abnormal modulation of cortical-hippocampal-amygdala pathways may contribute to chronically hypersensitive stress and fear responses, possibly mediating features of anxiety, anhedonia, aggression, and affective dyscontrol. The continued appreciation of the neural circuitry mediating affective states and their modulation by neurotransmitter systems should further the understanding of the pathophysiology of affective and anxiety disorders.
journal_name
Depress Anxietyjournal_title
Depression and anxietyauthors
Ressler KJ,Nemeroff CBdoi
10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<2::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-4subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
2-19eissn
1091-4269issn
1520-6394journal_volume
12 Suppl 1pub_type
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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doi:10.1002/da.20258
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/da.20215
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/da.10101
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/da.20304
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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doi:10.1002/da.22364
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/da.20174
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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doi:10.1002/da.20845
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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doi:10.1002/da.20580
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
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journal_title:Depression and anxiety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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