Mental health in the Middle East: an Egyptian perspective.

Abstract:

:This article introduces the reader to mental health in the Middle East with an Egyptian perspective, from the Pharaonic era through the Islamic Renaissance, up until the current state. During Pharaonic times, mental illness was not known as such, as there was no separator between Soma and Psyche. Actually, mental disorders were described as symptoms of the heart and uterine diseases, as stated in Eber's and Kahoun's papyri. In spite of the mystical culture, mental disorders were attributed and treated on a somatic basis. In the Islamic era, mental patients were never subjected to any torture or maltreatment because of the inherited belief that they may be possessed by a good Moslem genie. The first mental hospital in Europe was located in Spain, following the Arab invasion, and from then on it propagated to other European countries. The 14th century Kalawoon Hospital in Cairo had four departments, including medicine, surgery, ophthalmology, and mental disorders. Six centuries earlier, psychiatry in general hospitals was recognized in Europe. The influence of Avicenna and Elrazi and their contributions to European medicine is well-known. This article discusses further the current state of the mental health services in Egypt and the transcultural studies of the prevalence and phenomenology of anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, suicide, conversion, and obsessive compulsive disorders. An outline of psychiatric disorders in children is discussed. The problem of drug abuse is also addressed, especially that in Egypt after 1983, where drugs like heroine replaced the common habit of hashish.

journal_name

Clin Psychol Rev

authors

Okasha A

doi

10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00003-3

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1999-12-01 00:00:00

pages

917-33

issue

8

eissn

0272-7358

issn

1873-7811

pii

S0272735899000033

journal_volume

19

pub_type

历史文章,杂志文章
  • Cognitive, sensory and physical factors enabling driving safety in older adults.

    abstract::We reviewed literature on cognitive, sensory, motor and physical factors associated with safe driving and crash risk in older adults with the goal of developing a model of factors enabling safe driving behaviour. Thirteen empirical studies reporting associations between cognitive, sensory, motor and physical factors a...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.008

    authors: Anstey KJ,Wood J,Lord S,Walker JG

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience.

    abstract::A significant proportion of military personnel deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) has been exposed to war-zone events potentially associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been significant controversy regardin...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.004

    authors: Vasterling JJ,Verfaellie M,Sullivan KD

    更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00

  • Lead and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms: a meta-analysis.

    abstract::This meta-analysis examined the association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and lead exposure in children and adolescents. Thirty-three studies published between 1972 and 2010 involving 10,232 children and adolescents were included. There was a small to medium association between inatt...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.009

    authors: Goodlad JK,Marcus DK,Fulton JJ

    更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00

  • How does familiarity impact the stigma of mental illness?

    abstract::This paper reviews studies on familiarity of mental illness to determine the relationships that familiarity has with public stigma. We propose a U-shaped relationship between familiarity and stigma that includes the expected inverse distribution (greater familiarity leads to less public stigma) and a provocative, posi...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.02.001

    authors: Corrigan PW,Nieweglowski K

    更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00

  • Relationship between attachment style and symptom severity across the psychosis spectrum: A meta-analysis.

    abstract::There is growing evidence for the role of attachment in psychosis, however, to date there has been no quantitative review of the prevalence of insecure attachment in psychosis. The current study sought to systematically appraise studies investigating the prevalence of insecure attachment and the association with psych...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.12.001

    authors: Carr SC,Hardy A,Fornells-Ambrojo M

    更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00

  • Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder?

    abstract::A recent meta-analysis by Benish, Imel, and Wampold (2008, Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 746-758) concluded that all bona fide treatments are equally effective in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, seven other meta-analyses or systematic reviews concluded that there is good evidence that trauma-focus...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.001

    authors: Ehlers A,Bisson J,Clark DM,Creamer M,Pilling S,Richards D,Schnurr PP,Turner S,Yule W

    更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of low intensity CBT for psychosis.

    abstract::Sixteen sessions of individual cognitive behavior therapy for people with psychosis (CBTp) is recommended. However, access to CBTp is poor, so the potential of low intensity CBTp (fewer than 16 sessions of face-to-face contact) is being explored. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of 10 controlled tri...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.004

    authors: Hazell CM,Hayward M,Cavanagh K,Strauss C

    更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00

  • Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors.

    abstract::The term body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) refers to a group of recurrent, problematic, destructive behaviors directed toward the body, including hair-pulling, skin-picking, and nail-biting. Individuals with BFRBs report diminished control over the behavior and a range of physical and psychological sequelae. R...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.004

    authors: Roberts S,O'Connor K,Bélanger C

    更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00

  • Are cultic environments psychologically harmful?

    abstract::This article is the first critical review of research that addresses the question of whether cult membership is psychologically harmful. The available evidence warrants three conclusions: (a) persons entering cults do not necessarily exhibit psychopathology; (b) current cult members appear psychologically well-adjuste...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00093-2

    authors: Aronoff J,Lynn SJ,Malinoski P

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • The emotional Stroop task and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis.

    abstract::Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant impairment and lowered quality of life. The emotional Stroop task (EST) has been one means of elucidating some of the core deficits in PTSD, but this literature has remained inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of EST studies in PTSD populations...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.007

    authors: Cisler JM,Wolitzky-Taylor KB,Adams TG Jr,Babson KA,Badour CL,Willems JL

    更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00

  • Use of ecological momentary assessment in mood disorders research.

    abstract::Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) entails repeated, intensive sampling of respondents' current experiences while they are engaged in their typical daily routines, in their natural environments. In this article we discuss benefits of using EMA techniques in mood disorders research, provide an overview of the variou...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.007

    authors: Wenze SJ,Miller IW

    更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00

  • It's complicated: The relation between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression.

    abstract::Many attempts have been made to discover and characterize the mechanisms of change in psychotherapies for depression, yet no clear, evidence-based account of the relationship between therapeutic procedures, psychological mechanisms, and symptom improvement has emerged. Negatively-biased thinking plays an important rol...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.12.003

    authors: Lorenzo-Luaces L,German RE,DeRubeis RJ

    更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00

  • The personality of pathological gamblers: a meta-analysis.

    abstract::This review summarizes studies of pathological gambling and personality. Meta-analyses were conducted on 44 studies that reported personality traits of pathological gamblers (N = 2134) and nonpathological gambling control groups (N = 5321). Effect size estimates were calculated for 128 comparisons and organized accord...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.002

    authors: Maclaren VV,Fugelsang JA,Harrigan KA,Dixon MJ

    更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00

  • A review of expressed emotion research in health care.

    abstract::Much research has been carried out on the impact of family relationships on the development and course of different illness. Research on Expressed Emotion (EE) developed out of studies of the impact of family members on patients with schizophrenia, and has provided us with a robust measure of relatives' emotional atti...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00008-2

    authors: Wearden AJ,Tarrier N,Barrowclough C,Zastowny TR,Rahill AA

    更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00

  • Integrating theoretical, measurement, and intervention models of youth social competence.

    abstract::Social competence is of great interest to developmental psychopathologists and is assessed frequently in both basic and applied research. A review of the literature reveals not only significant heterogeneity in definitions of this construct but an apparent disconnect between theoretical, measurement, and intervention ...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.11.002

    authors: Dirks MA,Treat TA,Weersing VR

    更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00

  • Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review.

    abstract::This article is a critical examination of the current state of the literature regarding the assessment of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, published empirical studies that examine the assessment of malingering in PTSD claimants using the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statisti...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.07.001

    authors: Guriel J,Fremouw W

    更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00

  • Factors associated with suicidal phenomena in adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies.

    abstract::Suicidal phenomena (suicide attempts, deliberate self-harm, and suicidal plans, threats and thoughts) are common in adolescents. Identification of factors associated with these phenomena could play an important role in the development of school or community-based prevention and intervention programs. In this article, ...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.005

    authors: Evans E,Hawton K,Rodham K

    更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adults and youths with bipolar disorder: a systematic review.

    abstract::To estimate the prevalence and social and demographic correlates of child sexual abuse among people with bipolar disorder, the findings of all the pertinent studies were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed. Five databases were searched. Blind assessments of study eligibility and quality were conducted by tw...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.002

    authors: Maniglio R

    更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00

  • A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with adults sexually abused in childhood.

    abstract::This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis of the treatment outcome studies of different types of psychotherapeutic approaches for adults sexually abused as children. There were 44 studies included comprising 59 treatment conditions, and most of the studies aimed to treat the psychological effects of childhood...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.008

    authors: Taylor JE,Harvey ST

    更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00

  • A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

    abstract::There is currently controversy regarding the need for and the effectiveness of behavior modification for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) despite years of study and multiple investigations reporting beneficial effects of the intervention. A meta-analysis was conducted by identifying releva...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001

    authors: Fabiano GA,Pelham WE Jr,Coles EK,Gnagy EM,Chronis-Tuscano A,O'Connor BC

    更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00

  • Emotional processes in binge drinking: A systematic review and perspective.

    abstract::Binge drinking is a widespread alcohol consumption pattern commonly engaged by youth. Here, we present the first systematic review of emotional processes in relation to binge drinking. Capitalizing on a theoretical model describing three emotional processing steps (emotional appraisal/identification, emotional respons...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101971

    authors: Lannoy S,Duka T,Carbia C,Billieux J,Fontesse S,Dormal V,Gierski F,López-Caneda E,Sullivan EV,Maurage P

    更新日期:2021-01-13 00:00:00

  • The impact of dementia on self and identity: a systematic review.

    abstract::There is much debate in the literature as to the extent to which self and identity persist in people with dementia. The aim of this systematic review was to examine methods currently used to investigate self and identity in people with dementia, and the resulting evidence as to the persistence of self and identity thr...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.003

    authors: Caddell LS,Clare L

    更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00

  • Continuing bonds in adaptation to bereavement: Toward theoretical integration.

    abstract::There is lack of clarity in the scientific literature concerning the adaptive functions of continuing versus relinquishing bonds to deceased persons. It remains unclear what type of bonds or underlying processes are related to (mal)adaptive bereavement outcomes. Furthermore, empirical research has rarely been theoreti...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.007

    authors: Stroebe M,Schut H,Boerner K

    更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00

  • Cognitive insight: A systematic review.

    abstract::Cognitive insight is the ability to re-evaluate thoughts and beliefs in order to make thoughtful conclusions. It differs from clinical insight, as it focuses on more general metacognitive processes. Therefore, it could be relevant to diverse disorders and non-clinical subjects. There is a growing body of research on c...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.011

    authors: Van Camp LSC,Sabbe BGC,Oldenburg JFE

    更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00

  • Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance.

    abstract::This paper reviews the measurement of parental discipline and nurturance over the past 20 years. Discipline and nurturance are two of the most heavily referenced constructs in the parenting research literature, but there are varying ways to operationalize them with respect to both method and content. The review consid...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00133-2

    authors: Locke LM,Prinz RJ

    更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00

  • Vicarious traumatization: implications for the mental health of health workers?

    abstract::It has been suggested that a unique feature of some mental heath practitioners' work is exposure through their role as therapists to clients' descriptions of and reactions to trauma, and that these experiences may actually indirectly cause distress and traumatization to the therapist. This proposed phenomenon has been...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00030-8

    authors: Sabin-Farrell R,Turpin G

    更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental approaches to cognitive abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder.

    abstract::During the past decade, experimental psychopathologists have increasingly applied the concepts and methods of cognitive psychology to elucidate information-processing abnormalities in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies have shown that individuals with PTSD: (a) selectively process trauma-r...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00036-1

    authors: McNally RJ

    更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00

  • Sex differences in child-onset, life-course-persistent conduct disorder. A review of biological influences.

    abstract::Sex is widely acknowledged to be an important factor in understanding many aspects of behavior, not the least of which is antisocial behavior. When antisocial behavior manifests itself in the domain of juvenile psychopathology, it often takes the form of a type of conduct disorder (CD) that begins in childhood and is ...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.001

    authors: Eme RF

    更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00

  • Specificity of psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder? A meta-analysis of direct comparisons.

    abstract::Treatment guidelines state that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy are the best-supported psychotherapies for bulimia nervosa (BN) and that CBT is the preferred psychological treatment for binge eating disorder (BED). However, no meta-analysis which both examined direct comparisons between ps...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.008

    authors: Spielmans GI,Benish SG,Marin C,Bowman WM,Menster M,Wheeler AJ

    更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00

  • A critical review of theories to explain violent relationship termination: implications for research and intervention.

    abstract::The following review represents an update and extension to an influential article (see [Strube, M.J. (1988). The decision to leave an abusive relationship: Empirical evidence and theoretical issues. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 236-250.]), which evaluated empirical research and suggested potential theories to explain ...

    journal_title:Clinical psychology review

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.002

    authors: Rhatigan DL,Street AE,Axsom DK

    更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00