Abstract:
:Glucose is an essential nutrient for the human body. It is the major energy source for many cells, which depend on the bloodstream for a steady supply. Blood glucose levels, therefore, are carefully maintained. The liver plays a central role in this process by balancing the uptake and storage of glucose via glycogenesis and the release of glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The several substrate cycles in the major metabolic pathways of the liver play key roles in the regulation of glucose production. In this review, we focus on the short- and long-term regulation glucose-6-phosphatase and its substrate cycle counter-part, glucokinase. The substrate cycle enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes the terminal step in both the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways and is opposed by the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase. In addition, we include the regulation of GLUT 2, which facilitates the final step in the transport of glucose out of the liver and into the bloodstream.
journal_name
Annu Rev Nutrjournal_title
Annual review of nutritionauthors
Nordlie RC,Foster JD,Lange AJdoi
10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.379subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-01-01 00:00:00pages
379-406eissn
0199-9885issn
1545-4312journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Dietary proteins and amino acids are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although high intake of dietary proteins has positive effects on energy homeostasis by inducing satiety and possibly increasing energy expenditure, it has detrimental effects on glucose homeostasis by promoting ins...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092545
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past, alcoholic liver disease was attributed exclusively to dietary deficiencies, but experimental and judicious clinical studies have now established alcohol's hepatotoxicity. Despite an adequate diet, it can contribute to the entire spectrum of liver diseases, mainly by generating oxidative stress through its...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.395
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of multiple selenoproteins has raised tantalizing questions about their role in maintaining normal cellular function. Unfortunately, many of these remain inadequately investigated. While they have a role in maintaining redox balance, other functions are becoming increasingly recognized. As the roles of t...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150740
更新日期:2012-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::During the recent resurgence of interest in the clinical uses of vitamin E, one of the major foci of attention has been the neurologic role of vitamin E in humans. Studies in patients with secondary vitamin E deficiency, caused by fat malabsorption disorders and total parenteral nutrition lacking an adequate supply of...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.08.070188.002031
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of dietary protein in weight loss and weight maintenance encompasses influences on crucial targets for body weight regulation, namely satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein-induced satiety may be mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess, especially in diets with "...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some of us who were born in the middle of Europe between World Wars I and II had to face quite a few unusual challenges that we all met in different ways. I was born and raised in Prague, Czechoslovakia, a country at the time of my birth that was governed by a Western style of democracy, which was later destroyed by t...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073155
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iron deficiency in early life is associated with delayed development as assessed by a number of clinical trials using similar global scales of development; this poor development during infancy persists in most cases after iron therapy has corrected iron status. If iron deficiency occurs in preschool and older children...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.020102.075739
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research describing fatty acids as modulators of inflammation and immune responses abounds. Many of these studies have focused on one particular group of fatty acids, omega-3. The data from animal studies have shown that these fatty acids can have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities in a wide ar...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092610
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has received much attention in recent years. However, it started about a century ago with the observation that oligosaccharides might be growth factors for a so-called bifidus flora in breast-fed infants and extends to the recent finding of cell adhesion molecules in huma...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.699
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maternal micronutrient requirements during pregnancy increase to meet the physiologic changes in gestation and fetal demands for growth and development. Maternal micronutrient deficiencies are high and coexist in many settings, likely influencing birth and newborn outcomes. The only recommendation for pregnancy curren...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104813
更新日期:2010-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Emerging evidence suggests that ascorbate, the dominant form of vitamin C under physiological pH conditions, influences activity of the genome via regulating epigenomic processes. Ascorbate serves as a cofactor for Ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases that catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034228
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given their similar physiochemical properties, it is a logical postulate that iron and copper metabolism are intertwined. Indeed, iron-copper interactions were first documented over a century ago, but the homeostatic effects of one on the other has not been elucidated at a molecular level to date. Recent experimental ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161215
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health benefits of pre- and probiotics have been the subject of increased research interests. These food supplements have been demonstrated to alter the pre-existing intestinal flora so as to provide an advantage to the host. This review focuses on the scientific evidence both for and against their role in promoti...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.110901.145412
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selenium exerts its biological activity largely through selenoproteins, which contain the element in the form of selenocysteine. Five selenoproteins have been characterized in animal tissues and there is evidence that a number of others exist. Selenoprotein synthesis is a complex process that has been well characteriz...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.13.070193.000433
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bone minerals and vitamin D are crucial for infants and small children. Human milk has little vitamin D, and supplemental vitamin D must be given to all infants either via drops or as contained in infant formula or foods. The calcium and phosphorus in human milk are adequate for infants in the first six months of life...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145216
更新日期:2011-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::How much vitamin E is enough? An established use of supplemental vitamin E in humans is in the prevention and therapy of deficiency symptoms. The cause of vitamin E deficiency, characterized by peripheral neuropathy and ataxia, is usually malabsorption-a result of fat malabsorption or genetic abnormalities in lipoprot...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001541
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence for a link between maternal obesity and poor lactation performance. In nonhuman species, excess maternal fatness is deleterious for lactation and also for maternal health and survival. These effects occur during pregnancy and as milk production is beginning. The...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093738
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a great deal of interest in personalized, individualized, or precision interventions for disease and health-risk mitigation. This is as true of nutrition-based intervention and prevention strategies as it is for pharmacotherapies and pharmaceutical-oriented prevention strategies. Essentially, technological br...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064717
更新日期:2017-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanisms involved in the digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A require the participation of several proteins. Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by the pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, and intestinal brush border enzyme, phospholipase B. Unesterified retinol taken up by ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than one million Americans were expected to be diagnosed with cancer in 2003 (7a). Compelling experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence indicates that many cancers are preventable, especially because diet and nutrition are key factors in the modulation of cancer risk. The road to nutritional interventi...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132315
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Birth and adaptation to extrauterine life involve major shifts in the protein and energy metabolism of the human newborn. These include a shift from a state of continuous supply of nutrients including amino acids from the mother to cyclic periodic oral intake, a change in the redox state of organs, thermogenesis, and ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155333
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a growing view that certain foods, particularly those high in refined sugars and fats, are addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be treated as a food addiction. This perspective is supported by a growing body of neuroscience research demonstrating that the chronic consumption of energy-dense f...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909
更新日期:2016-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent throughout the world, and growing evidence supports a requirement for optimal vitamin D levels for the healthy developing and adult brain. Vitamin D has important roles in proliferation and differentiation, calcium signaling within the brain, and neurotrophic and neuroprotective actio...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105557
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is clear that many diseases are known to involve defects in vitamin B6 metabolism, but that even more await definitive studies. Furthermore, some functions of vitamin B6, such as its role in glucocorticoid action (21), have been discovered so recently that the medical implications have not yet been fully explored. ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.07.070187.001033
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Taste is a chemical sense that aids in the detection of nutrients and guides food choice. A limited number of primary qualities comprise taste. Accumulating evidence has raised a question about whether fat should be among them. Most evidence indicates triacylglycerol is not an effective taste stimulus, though it clear...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiologic and experimental evidence reviewed in this article emphasizes the complex and multifactorial etiology of endemic goiter. The important role of iodine deficiency as an etiologic factor in endemic goiter is firmly established, but there is evidence that other environmental factors can play an equally impor...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in the knowledge of iron metabolism underscore its complex relationship to overall cell metabolism. One of the key components of the iron uptake and storage pathway is ferritin, a protein that sequesters iron in a nontoxic form. Ferritin synthesis is translationally regulated by iron. Molecules such as...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001323
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-chain fatty acids are involved in all aspects of cellular structure and function. For controlling amounts of fatty acids, cells are endowed with two acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) systems. ACC-alpha is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, and ACC-beta is believed to control m...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.77
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dietary guidelines are formulated to meet minimum nutrient requirements, which prevent deficiencies and maintain health, growth, development, and function. These guidelines can be inadequate and contribute to disrupted homeostasis, lean body mass loss, and deteriorated performance in individuals who are working long, ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-011720-122637
更新日期:2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::Investigations into regulating metabolic pathways with stable isotopes have, over the past decade, undergone major development with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry in studying labeling patterns of newly synthesized biomolecules. In this review, we concentrate on investigations of mass isoto...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.559
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00