Abstract：
:Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, intense exertion. During this "open window" of impaired immunity (which may last 3-72 h, depending on the immune measure), viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk for subclinical and clinical infection. The influence of nutritional supplements, primarily zinc, vitamin C, glutamine, and carbohydrate, on the acute immune response to prolonged exercise has been measured in endurance athletes. Vitamin C and glutamine have received much attention, but the data thus far are inconclusive. The most impressive results have been reported with carbohydrate supplementation. Carbohydrate beverage ingestion has been associated with increased plasma glucose levels, an attenuated cortisol and growth hormone response, fewer perturbations in blood immune cell counts, decreased granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity, and a diminished pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response. Overall these data indicate that the physiologic stress to the immune system is reduced when endurance athletes use carbohydrate beverages before, during, and after prolonged and intense exertion. The clinical significance of these carbohydrate-induced effects on the endocrine and immune systems awaits further research.
journal_name
Clin Sports Medjournal_title
Clinics in sports medicineauthors
Nieman DCdoi
10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70167-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-07-01 00:00:00pages
537-48issue
3eissn
0278-5919issn
1556-228Xpii
S0278-5919(05)70167-8journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The practitioner need not be an expert in swimming but should understand the rudiments of the stroke and training techniques such patients are subjected to. This will aid in proper identification and analysis of the problem. The solution may require the resources of physician, therapist, coach, and parent as well as s...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exercise can have significant effects on gastrointestinal diseases. Regular, moderate exercise can impart beneficial effects for the intestinal microbiome, irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, and inflammatory bowel disease. High-intensity training or prolonged endurance training, on the other hand, can have negative ef...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2017.06.001
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diagnostic imaging plays a key role in the evaluation of adult hip pain. Cornerstone to the initial assessment of hip pain is the plain radiograph. The need for secondary imaging of the hip and choice of imaging modality depends on the clinical presentation, results of the plain radiograph series, and clinical questio...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70278-7
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The article reviews the clinical features of the acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament. The alternatives and techniques of repair are discussed. Results of primary repair are presented. A rationale for therapeutic options is presented. ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors discuss the clinical characteristics and treatment of such overuse injuries of the foot as plantar fasciitis, Haglund's syndrome, Jones' fracture, and tarsal navicular stress fractures. A consideration of orthotic devices is also provided. ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increased knowledge of the biomechanics of normal walking and running will improve our understanding of the possible mechanisms of pathology and ultimately improve the treatment of pathology and injury. Running, a natural extension of walking, involves increased velocities, joint range of motion, forces, muscle act...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The advances in the field of arthroscopy have been keyed to the development of instrumentation. The most significant innovation has occurred in conjunction with the visualization system itself--cutting instrumentation for resection of soft tissues in bone and, more recently, in joints other than the knee. A brief hist...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In summary, it has been the task of this article to try to forecast the future of meniscal surgery over the next decade. As we enter the twenty-first century, it becomes evident that a combination approach will be the most likely procedure. The code phrase will be, "Save as much meniscus as possible." The authors pred...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compressive neuropathies of the median and radial nerves in the region of the elbow are a frequent cause of pain and weakness as well as sensory complaints. The problems associated with these neuropathies can be as severe and disabling as the more commonly encountered ulnar nerve neuropathies discussed elsewhere in th...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Refinements in arthroscopic techniques have fostered an upsurge in arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This article explores the relative merits of autogenous and allogeneic tissue used for this purpose and describes several important technical points in the author's preferred method o...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Because both the young and aging population are showing increasing interest in sports participation, the number of sports related injuries and in particular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been increasing. Because of these injuries much time and energy has been focused on ACL reconstruction in order to ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2007.06.002
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Focal cartilage defects in the knee are commonly found on MRI and arthroscopically. When these lesions are symptomatic and fail nonoperative management several surgical strategies are available. Common surgical techniques include reparative (ie, microfracture) and restorative procedures (ie, autologous chondrocyte imp...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2017.12.008
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Injuries to the lower extremity are common in racquet sports. The acute injuries usually respond well to treatment. Chronic injuries may require more patience and sometimes a change of playing habits on the part of the player. Some chronic injuries will respond well to operative intervention but most will do well with...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The preparticipation examination (PPE) is a widely practiced method of screening athletes for medical limitations before sports participation. Although the PPE is widely implemented, there is little consistency regarding content or method in providing this important service. This lack of uniformity undermines the over...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70227-1
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The overall health benefits of cardiovascular exercise, such as running, are well established. However, it is also well established that in certain circumstances running can lead to overload injuries of muscle, tendon, and bone. In contrast, it has not been established that running leads to degeneration of articular c...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2010.03.006
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Physical inactivity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Regular aerobic and resistance training increases exercise capacity and plays a role both in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Patients with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or diabetes mellitus must be ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(02)00035-2
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surgical management for chronic lateral ankle ligament instability is useful when patients have failed nonoperative modalities. Open anatomic reconstruction is an effective method of stabilization. Ankle arthroscopy is a recommended to address intra-articular disorder before stabilization. An anatomic approach provide...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2020.07.004
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac computed tomographic angiography have become important parts of the armamentarium for noninvasive diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Emerging technologies have produced faster imaging, lower radiation dose, improved spatial and temporal resolution, as well as a wealth o...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2015.02.005
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medial epicondylitis and ulnar nerve problems are common in the throwing athlete, resulting from the tremendous valgus stress that occurs during the acceleration phase of pitching. They are too often ignored as a cause of medial pain in the throwing athlete in favor of the diagnosis of ulnar collateral ligament injury...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70268-4
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Military service members comprise a young and physically active population who are at increased risk for musculoskeletal injuries and conditions related to sports and physical training. Even during times of war, musculoskeletal injuries and conditions related to sports and physical training, not associated with combat...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2014.06.004
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All ancient societies have been documented as having various aspects of gymnastics in their overall pattern of health and conditioning. In 700 BC the Athenians added gymnastics to Olympic competition; television coverage of gymnastics in the modern Olympics, combined with a heightened interest in physical fitness in g...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is important to include psychological and physiologic rehabilitation in addition to rehabilitation of the injured area. Motion that does not stress repairs of either ligament or bone is not contraindicated. Exercises that aggravate patellofemoral problems should be modified to avoid areas in the range of motion tha...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The specter of catastrophic cervical neurotrauma resulting from athletic participation, although infrequent, has been consistently associated with football, water sports, gymnastics, rugby, and ice hockey. Injury involving intracranial hemorrhage can result in death or permanent neurologic impairment, whereas certain ...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A methodical approach to the evaluation of patients with anterior knee pain is extremely helpful. By exploring salient points from the patient's symptoms and history and adding important data from a comprehensive physical examination, the pieces of the puzzle can be fitted together and an accurate diagnosis can be mad...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The classification system devised by Allman and Tossy, and revised by Rockwood, defines the extent of injury to the AC joint and helps to guide management of AC joint injuries [1,4,6]. In general, type I and II injuries may be treated nonoperatively with a sling, mainly for comfort, for a short period of time. Once th...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0278-5919(02)00098-4
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The etiologies of low back pain and the biomechanics and pathology of the lumbar spine as they relate to tennis stroke mechanics have been reviewed, and a treatment protocol has been presented. A recent survey of the Men's Professional Tennis Tour is the only article found that discusses low back pain in tennis player...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, reproductive disorders in athletes have been observed in increasing numbers and proportions as larger numbers of women are participating in more strenuous athletic activities. Clinical problems with infertility and decreased bone density have been reported in this group, which has prided itself on its...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the overhead athlete typically presents as activity-related pain with loss of velocity and control. Treatment options range from nonoperative rehabilitation to ligament reconstruction. Surgical reconstruction is frequently required to allow the athlete to return to competition and m...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2016.05.004
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multidirectional instability of the shoulder is a condition defined by symptoms of shoulder instability in more than one direction. Patients typically have generalized ligamentous laxity and may be involved in repetitive overhead activities. Initial treatment is with a physical therapy program. Patients who fail non-o...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2008.07.002
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The long head of the biceps has garnered increased attention and interest due to the high prevalence of pain that can be a primary condition or occur secondary to shoulder dysfunction. The successful treatment of biceps tendinopathy is dependent on an accurate diagnosis and recognizing all causative factors. The treat...
journal_title：Clinics in sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.csm.2015.08.012
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
