Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment.

Abstract:

:Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment.

journal_name

J Anxiety Disord

authors

Shapiro F

doi

10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00038-3

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1999-01-01 00:00:00

pages

35-67

issue

1-2

eissn

0887-6185

issn

1873-7897

pii

S0887-6185(98)00038-3

journal_volume

13

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Executive skills in older adults with GAD: relations with clinical variables and CBT outcome.

    abstract::Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective intervention for treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults, researchers are now considering augmenting the therapy to enhance outcome. We are also long overdue in identifying moderators of CBT response (e.g., cognitive abilities) in late life ...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.12.001

    authors: Mohlman J

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract::Early identification and treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is critical to prevent development of a chronic course of symptoms, persistent functional impairment, and progressive psychiatric comorbidity. A small but growing literature supports the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for anxiety di...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.06.004

    authors: Herbert JD,Gaudiano BA,Rheingold AA,Moitra E,Myers VH,Dalrymple KL,Brandsma LL

    更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00

  • Factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale for children.

    abstract::Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), a dispositional negative orientation toward uncertainty and its consequences, has been studied in adults, but research has only recently examined IU in youth. Despite some advances, little is known about the factor structure of measures of IU in youth. The present study used confirmato...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.07.003

    authors: Cornacchio D,Sanchez AL,Coxe S,Roy A,Pincus DB,Read KL,Holaway RM,Kendall PC,Comer JS

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Differential associations between Social Anxiety Disorder, family cohesion, and suicidality across racial/ethnic groups: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent (NCS-A).

    abstract::The proposed research seeks to introduce a novel model relating Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and suicide outcomes (i.e., passive suicidal ideation, active suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts) in diverse adolescents. This model posits that family cohesion is one pathway by which suicide risk is increased for socia...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.009

    authors: Rapp AM,Lau A,Chavira DA

    更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00

  • Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity predicts aggression after treatment.

    abstract::This study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and aggression (verbal, psychological, and physical aggression) in a longitudinal dataset. Participants were 175 males in PTSD residential treatment who were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 4-month follow-up. Post-...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.012

    authors: Makin-Byrd K,Bonn-Miller MO,Drescher K,Timko C

    更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00

  • Subjective versus objective behavioral ratings following two analogue tasks: a comparison of socially phobic and non-anxious adolescents.

    abstract::Although results regarding objective social skills deficits in adults are inconsistent, research with youth have consistently demonstrated such deficits. Furthermore, research has consistently demonstrated subjective appraisal of social skill deficit in both youth and adults with social phobia or social anxiety. As a ...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.013

    authors: Inderbitzen-Nolan HM,Anderson ER,Johnson HS

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • The relationships of child and parent factors with children's anxiety symptoms: parental anxious rearing as a mediator.

    abstract::A considerable body of research has identified various child and parent factors that contribute to and maintain anxiety symptoms in children. Yet relatively few studies have examined child factors (including threat-based cognitive bias, neuroticism, gender, puberty and age) as well as parent factors (including materna...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.002

    authors: Waters AM,Zimmer-Gembeck MJ,Farrell LJ

    更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00

  • Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD.

    abstract::Clinicians have documented the importance of loss of comrades during combat as a significant source of distress. However, empirical studies have not focused on unresolved grief as a possible outcome of combat experiences. Consequently, unresolved grief has often been treated "after the fact" in the context of treating...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.005

    authors: Pivar IL,Field NP

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders and OCD: Construct validation, clinical correlates and CBT treatment response.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Reassurance seeking has been hypothesized to be a key factor in the maintenance of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders according to contemporary cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches. The present study sought to examine the structure, clinical correlates, and malleability of reassurance seeki...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102109

    authors: Rector NA,Katz DE,Quilty LC,Laposa JM,Collimore K,Kay T

    更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00

  • The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a longitudinal study.

    abstract::Contemporary cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that OC symptoms arise from negative interpretations of intrusive thoughts, which are derived from trait-like dysfunctional assumptions ("obsessive beliefs;" e.g., concerning overestimates of responsibility). Although correlational studies sugg...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.003

    authors: Abramowitz JS,Nelson CA,Rygwall R,Khandker M

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • Naltrexone renders one-session exposure therapy less effective: a controlled pilot study.

    abstract::In vivo exposure has become the gold standard treatment for specific phobia. The endogenous opioid system is one mechanism proposed to explain why exposure provides such quick and effective treatment for specific phobia. The effect of naltrexone on fear and avoidance behavior was investigated among 15 specific phobia ...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.011

    authors: Kozak AT,Spates CR,McChargue DE,Bailey KC,Schneider KL,Liepman MR

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • Behavioral inhibition and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    abstract::Behavioral inhibition is frequently cited as a vulnerability factor for development of anxiety. However, few studies have examined the unique relationship between behavioral inhibition and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, the current study addressed the relationship between behavioral inhibition and OCD...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.003

    authors: Coles ME,Schofield CA,Pietrefesa AS

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • An integrative review of the vigilance-avoidance model in pediatric anxiety disorders: Are we looking in the wrong place?

    abstract::Enduring cognitive models of anxiety posit that negative biases in information processing are implicated in the etiology, maintenance, and recurrence of anxiety disorders in youth and adults. Specifically, the vigilance-avoidance model of attention is an influential hypothesis proposed to explain anxious individuals' ...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.04.003

    authors: Rosen D,Price RB,Silk JS

    更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00

  • Interpersonal correlates of generalized anxiety disorder: Self versus other perception.

    abstract::The present investigation examined the interpersonal functioning of undergraduate students who met self-report criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), both as they perceive it and as perceived by their self-nominated friends. Forty-eight participants who met self-report criteria for GAD endorsed greater globa...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.02.005

    authors: Eng W,Heimberg RG

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • Social problem solving strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of intimate partner violence.

    abstract::Social factors are often associated with the development or maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of interpersonal traumas. However, social problem solving strategies have received little attention. The current study explored the role of social problem solving styles (i.e., rational appr...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.007

    authors: Reich CM,Blackwell N,Simmons CA,Beck JG

    更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00

  • Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: an exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

    abstract::Tonic immobility (TI) is an involuntary component of the fear response that is characterized by freezing or immobility in situations involving extreme fear coupled with physical restraint. The present investigation evaluated the factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS; Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B., Fusé, T. M....

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.004

    authors: Fusé T,Forsyth JP,Marx B,Gallup GG,Weaver S

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cognitive processes of generalized anxiety disorder in comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder.

    abstract::This study examines how cognitive variables, which play a central role in the development and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), manifest themselves when GAD and major depressive disorder (MDD) are comorbid. Thirty-two participants were divided into two groups, a group of individuals with a principal d...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.010

    authors: Dupuy JB,Ladouceur R

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Specificity of belief domains in OCD: validation of the French version of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and a comparison across samples.

    abstract::This paper assesses the psychometric properties of the French version of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and investigates whether the questionnaire discriminates between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxious control (AC), and non-clinical control (NCC) participants. A confirmatory factor analysis s...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.003

    authors: Julien D,Careau Y,O'Connor KP,Bouvard M,Rhéaume J,Langlois F,Freeston MH,Radomsky AS,Cottraux J

    更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00

  • Attention in sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive checkers.

    abstract::The aim of the study was to explore differential attention profiles, according to attention types, in sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive checkers compared to controls. To examine attention biases in obsessive-compulsive phenomena, we compared sub-clinical checkers to non-checkers on their recall and recognition perform...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.007

    authors: Irak M,Flament MF

    更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00

  • Structured and free-recall measures of worry themes: effect of order of presentation on worry report.

    abstract::Structured instruments (SI) or free-recall instruments (FRI) can be used to examine worry themes. In the case where both types are use jointly, order of presentation may influence number and content of free-recall worries. Half of a large undergraduate sample (N = 609) received the SI before the FRI and the other half...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00032-3

    authors: Laberge M,Fournier S,Freeston MH,Ladouceur R,Provencher MD

    更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00

  • Naturalistic manner of benzodiazepine use and cognitive behavioral therapy outcome in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

    abstract::Benzodiazepines (BZs) are commonly used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). However, empirical evidence provides little support for the utility of this combined treatment approach over CBT alone. Westra and Stewart [Clin. Psychol. Rev. 18 (1...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00091-9

    authors: Westra HA,Stewart SH,Conrad BE

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Smiles may go unseen in generalized social anxiety disorder: evidence from binocular rivalry for reduced visual consciousness of positive facial expressions.

    abstract::Research has demonstrated increased attention to negative social cues and reduced attention to positive social cues in generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD), but little is known about whether GSAD also involves differences in lower levels of visual processing. This study explored visual experience in GSAD compare...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.004

    authors: Anderson EC,Dryman MT,Worthington J,Hoge EA,Fischer LE,Pollack MH,Barrett LF,Simon NM

    更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00

  • The phenomenology of non-clinical panic in older adults in comparison to younger adults.

    abstract::The prevalence and nature of panic symptoms in the elderly are poorly understood. In a replication and extension of Deer and Calamari [J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 29 (1998) 303], the current study sought to determine which symptoms of anxiety best differentiated elderly endorsers of panic from elderly who do not p...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.007

    authors: Depp C,Woodruff-Borden J,Meeks S,Gretarsdottir E,DeKryger N

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with anxiety disorders.

    abstract::Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in individuals with anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to assess mental health-related quality of life (QoL) among individuals with anxiety disorders with and without concurrent cannabis use based on a large representative US sample. Mental health-related Qo...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.002

    authors: Lev-Ran S,Le Foll B,McKenzie K,Rehm J

    更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00

  • Somatic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder from the DSM-IV: associations with pathological worry and depression symptoms in a nonclinical sample.

    abstract::The present study investigates specificity of the six somatic symptoms that are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A nonclinical sample of 183 students provided severity ratings for (a) restlessness, (b) easi...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00017-1

    authors: Joormann J,Stöber J

    更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00

  • Dissemination and implementation of prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.

    abstract::Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent, often chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder that is associated with significant adverse health and life consequences. Although several evidence-based treatments (EBTs), including Prolonged Exposure therapy (PE), have been found effective and efficacious ...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.004

    authors: McLean CP,Foa EB

    更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00

  • Influence of social stress on risk-taking behavior in adolescents.

    abstract::Risk-taking behavior involves making choices with uncertain positive or negative outcomes. Evidence suggests that risk-taking behavior is influenced by emotional state. One such emotional experience is social anxiety, which has been related to both risk-avoidant and risk-seeking decision making. The present study exam...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.010

    authors: Reynolds EK,Schreiber WM,Geisel K,MacPherson L,Ernst M,Lejuez CW

    更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00

  • Group cognitive-behavioral therapy versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a practical clinical trial.

    abstract::Clinical effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) versus fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder outpatients that could present additional psychiatric comorbidities was assessed. Patients (18-65 years; baseline Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive-Scale [Y-BOCS] scores ≥ 16; potentially presenting add...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.008

    authors: Belotto-Silva C,Diniz JB,Malavazzi DM,Valério C,Fossaluza V,Borcato S,Seixas AA,Morelli D,Miguel EC,Shavitt RG

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • Panic attacks, depression and anxiety symptoms, and substance use behaviors during late adolescence.

    abstract::This study examines panic attacks and substance use in a sample of incoming college freshman (n = 399 ) using questionnaires. Panickers (n = 47 ) were significantly more likely than nonpanickers (n = 290) to report having ever used sedatives, stimulants, opiods, and other drugs, but not tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, or h...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.04.001

    authors: Valentiner DP,Mounts NS,Deacon BJ

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Therapist perceptions and delivery of interoceptive exposure for panic disorder.

    abstract::Interoceptive exposure (IE) is widely regarded as an essential procedure in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder (PD). However, treatment manuals differ substantially in their prescribed delivery of IE, and little research exists to inform the optimal manner of its implementation. The present study exa...

    journal_title:Journal of anxiety disorders

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.004

    authors: Deacon BJ,Lickel JJ,Farrell NR,Kemp JJ,Hipol LJ

    更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00