Abstract:
:Sevoflurane is a comparatively recent addition to the range of inhalational anaesthetics which has been recently released for clinical use. In comparison to older inhalational agents such as isoflurane or halothane, the most important property of sevoflurane is its low solubility in the blood. This results in a more rapid uptake and induction than the 'older' inhalational agents, improved control of depth of anaesthesia and faster elimination and recovery. The more rapid pharmacokinetics are a result of the low blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.69. With an oil/gas partition coefficient of 47.2, the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane is 2.05%. Two to 5% of the drug taken up is metabolised by the liver. The pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane do not change in children, obese patients or patients with renal insufficiency. The pharmacokinetics and pleasant odour of sevoflurane make mask induction feasible, which is an obvious advantage in paediatric anaesthesia. The hepatic metabolism of sevoflurane results in the formation of inorganic fluoride. Upon contact with alkaline CO2 absorbent, a small amount of sevoflurane is degraded and a metabolite (compound A) is formed and inhaled in trace amounts. Whether inorganic fluoride or compound A are nephrotoxic is presently a matter of controversy.
journal_name
Clin Pharmacokinetjournal_title
Clinical pharmacokineticsauthors
Behne M,Wilke HJ,Harder Sdoi
10.2165/00003088-199936010-00002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-01-01 00:00:00pages
13-26issue
1eissn
0312-5963issn
1179-1926journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Aminoglycoside antibiotics are very important in the treatment of Gram-negative infections and as synergistic agents for the treatment of staphylococcal and streptococcal (group B streptococci and enterococci) infections. However, these agents have a narrow therapeutic index. Thus, a number of new antibiotics have bee...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199426010-00006
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fat-free mass (FFM)-based dose scaling is increasingly being adopted in clinical pharmacology. Given the complexities with the measurement of FFM in clinical practice, choosing an appropriate equation for FFM is critical for accurate dose scaling. Janmahasatian's FFM model (FFMJan) has largely remained the p...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00883-1
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum concentration measurements of antibacterial agents are increasingly used to optimise drug dosage regimens. However, this approach is only justified for drugs with a low therapeutic index and poor predictability of serum concentrations, such as the aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and vancomycin, whereas the peni...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198409060-00001
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Entecavir is an orally administered guanosine nucleoside analog with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase, which is approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in adults and children ≥2 years old (USA and EU). OBJECTIVE:To develop simplified entecavir dosing recommendati...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0420-5
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sulphonylureas have remained the mainstay of oral therapy for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). They stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Pharmacokinetic differences between the various sulphonylureas are of clinical importance in terms of the time to onset of action, timing of...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834030-00001
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::18 hypertensive patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 3.8 and 113ml/min received guanfacine as single intravenous and multiple oral dose treatment. Mean plasma concentrations of guanfacine on the fifth day or oral treatment ranged from 6.5 to 8.6ng/ml in patients with normal renal function (GFR > 90...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-198005050-00005
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Losmapimod is an orally available, potent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. It is in development as an anti-inflammatory drug in different therapeutic areas. Clinical studies have shown that losmapimod is well tolerated and safe in humans and several studies have shown its pharmac...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40262-012-0025-6
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to recent clinical consensus, pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is, or should be, personalized medicine. IBD treatment is complex, with highly different treatment classes and relatively few data on treatment strategy. Although thorough evidence-based international IBD guidelines currently e...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0639-4
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:The likelihood of detecting a therapeutic signal of an effective drug for schizophrenia is impeded by a high placebo effect and by high dropout of patients. Several unsuccessful trials of schizophrenia, at least partly due to highly variable placebo effects, have indicated the necessity for a ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11598460-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease, apomorphine has an established place as a back-up therapy if other antiparkinsonian drugs, such as levodopa and oral dopamine agonists, have not controlled the existing response fluctuations. Apomorphine is a synthetic derivative of morphine, with a totally distin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937030-00004
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Abemaciclib, a dual inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, has demonstrated clinical activity in a number of different cancer types. The objectives of this study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of abemaciclib in cancer patients using population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modelin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0559-8
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein binding of antibacterials in plasma and tissues has long been considered a component of their pharmacokinetic parameters, playing a potential role in distribution, excretion and therapeutic effectiveness. Since the beginning of the 'antibacterial era', this factor has been extensively analysed for all antibact...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200241100-00004
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of felodipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, were studied in elderly hypertensive patients, 67 to 79 years of age and in young healthy subjects, 20 to 34 years of age following oral administration of 5 mg twice daily to steady-state. A single intraveno...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-198814060-00004
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, the importance of applying pharmacokinetic principles to the design of drug regimens has been increasingly recognised by clinicians. From the perspective of antimicrobial chemotherapy, an improvement in clinical outcome and/or a reduction in toxicity are of primary interest. Before applicati...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937010-00001
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A large body of evidence suggests that not only direct anticoagulant effects but also major bleeding events and stroke prevention depend on plasma concentrations of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Concomitant drugs that cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs) alter DOAC exposure by increasing or decreasing DOAC bioava...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00879-x
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present article should be read in conjunction with the original review published in the Journal in 1983. There is no new information of major significance about the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone) or ethinylestradiol, although it has been shown that the concentrations of these ho...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199120010-00002
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haloperidol has been used extensively for the treatment of psychotic disorders, and it has been suggested that the monitoring of plasma haloperidol concentration is clinically useful. Different assay methodologies have been used in research and clinical practice to examine the relationship between response and plasma ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198917060-00004
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although individualised antihypertensive therapy is widely recommended, prospective methods for optimising treatment are hampered by the paucity of basic information about dose-plasma concentration-response relationships for commonly used drugs. Concentration-effect analysis has been applied to a number of therapeutic...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199426060-00005
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inadequate pain control in the postoperative period not only contributes to patient discomfort, but also causes physiological changes that may result in increased risk of myocardial ischaemia, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. These events complicate postoperative recovery and may lead to longer hospital st...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200544001-00002
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::All of the commonly used anticonvulsants drugs, except possibly primidone, are cleared from the human body mainly by metabolism. The metabolites of phenytoin, phenobarbital and ethosuximide have so far not been shown to possess significant pharmacological activity. However, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, derived from ca...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199121010-00003
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The half-life and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of antipyrine and phenytoin were determined in 14 young (mean age: 28.8 +/- 8.3 (SD) years] and in 14 elderly [mean age: 83.5 +/- 7.1 (SD) years] subjects and correlated with liver volume, which was determined by ultrasonic scanning, to see if an age-dependent differenc...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-198106050-00005
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vedolizumab is a humanized anti-α4β7 integrin monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks trafficking of memory T cells to inflamed gut tissue by inhibiting the α4β7-mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) interaction. Approved for treating patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0546-0
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The critically ill patient occupies an increasing amount of time and bed space in modern hospital practice, and also commands increasing expenditure. Drug therapy in these patients has, in the past, been based on data derived from healthy volunteers, fit anaesthetised patients undergoing minor operative procedures, or...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198814060-00003
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The combination of hepatic artery infusion (HAI) of irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin with intravenous cetuximab has safely achieved prolonged survival in colorectal cancer patients with extensive liver metastases and prior treatment. Systemic exposure to the drugs or their main metabolites was determined dur...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0431-2
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Understanding pharmacokinetic disposition of cefepime, a β-lactam antibiotic, is crucial for developing regimens to achieve optimal exposure and improved clinical outcomes. This study sought to develop and evaluate a unified population pharmacokinetic model in both pediatric and adult patients ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00873-3
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Routine use of therapeutic drug monitoring in children is helpful in individualizing the dosage during long term treatment (e.g. theophylline and antiepileptic drugs) and in checking against toxic accumulation of drug in neonates (e.g. digoxin, theophylline/caffeine and aminoglycoside antibiotics). In individual patie...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198900171-00003
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the aging population and its rapidly increasing prevalence, dementia has become an important public health concern in developed and developing countries. To date, the pharmacological treatment is symptomatic and based on the observed neurotransmitter disturbances. The four most commonly used drugs are donepezil, ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0038-9
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A population pharmacokinetic (PK) protein-binding model was developed to (1) predict free mycophenolic acid (fMPA) based on total MPA (tMPA) concentrations in renal transplant patients, to establish the therapeutic range of fMPA through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies; and (2) provide a guideline for...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0603-8
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of age and gender on the single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of zileuton have been examined in a phase I nonblinded study. A total of 27 healthy volunteers were evaluable, 9 in the young group (age range 20 to 40 years; 5 males and 4 females) and 18 in the elderly group (range 65 to 81 years; 9 males...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-199500292-00007
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are considerable laboratory data and information from animal and continuous culture in vitro models to support continuous infusion therapy for penicillins and cephalosporins, but, as yet, the only existing clinical data relate to cephalosporins. Penicillins do not exert concentration-dependent killing in the the...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199835050-00004
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00