Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.

Abstract:

:From an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, R0. This is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. The rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. The rule implies that control programs targeted at the "core" 20% group are potentially highly effective and, conversely, that programs that fail to reach all of this group will be much less effective than expected in reducing levels of infection in the population as a whole.

authors

Woolhouse ME,Dye C,Etard JF,Smith T,Charlwood JD,Garnett GP,Hagan P,Hii JL,Ndhlovu PD,Quinnell RJ,Watts CH,Chandiwana SK,Anderson RM

doi

10.1073/pnas.94.1.338

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1997-01-07 00:00:00

pages

338-42

issue

1

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

journal_volume

94

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach.

    abstract::The central nervous system both influences and is influenced by the gastrointestinal system. Most research on this gut-brain connection has focused on how ascending signals from the gut and its microbiome alter brain function. Less attention has focused on how descending signals from the central nervous system alter g...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.2002737117

    authors: Levinthal DJ,Strick PL

    更新日期:2020-06-09 00:00:00

  • The frailty of adaptive hypotheses for the origins of organismal complexity.

    abstract::The vast majority of biologists engaged in evolutionary studies interpret virtually every aspect of biodiversity in adaptive terms. This narrow view of evolution has become untenable in light of recent observations from genomic sequencing and population-genetic theory. Numerous aspects of genomic architecture, gene st...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0702207104

    authors: Lynch M

    更新日期:2007-05-15 00:00:00

  • Introducing endo-xylanase activity into an exo-acting arabinofuranosidase that targets side chains.

    abstract::The degradation of the plant cell wall by glycoside hydrolases is central to environmentally sustainable industries. The major polysaccharides of the plant cell wall are cellulose and xylan, a highly decorated β-1,4-xylopyranose polymer. Glycoside hydrolases displaying multiple catalytic functions may simplify the enz...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1117686109

    authors: McKee LS,Peña MJ,Rogowski A,Jackson A,Lewis RJ,York WS,Krogh KB,Viksø-Nielsen A,Skjøt M,Gilbert HJ,Marles-Wright J

    更新日期:2012-04-24 00:00:00

  • Fluorescence energy transfer in the rapid-diffusion limit.

    abstract::Energy transfer is enhanced by translational diffusion of the donor and acceptor [Steinberg, I. Z. & Katchalski, E. (1968) J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2404-2410]. The effect of diffusion on energy transfer depends on Dtau(0)/s(2), in which D is the sum of the diffusion coefficients of the donor and acceptor, tau(0) is the life...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.75.12.5746

    authors: Thomas DD,Carlsen WF,Stryer L

    更新日期:1978-12-01 00:00:00

  • Structural basis for receptor subtype-specific regulation revealed by a chimeric beta 3/beta 2-adrenergic receptor.

    abstract::The physiological significance of multiple G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes, such as the beta-adrenergic receptors (beta ARs), remains obscure, since in many cases several subtypes activate the same effector and utilize the same physiological agonists. We inspected the deduced amino acid sequences of the beta AR su...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3665

    authors: Liggett SB,Freedman NJ,Schwinn DA,Lefkowitz RJ

    更新日期:1993-04-15 00:00:00

  • 2-Acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (A1110U), a potent inactivator of ribonucleotide reductases of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses and a potentiator of acyclovir.

    abstract::2-Acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]thiocarbonohydrazone (A1110U) was found to be a potent inactivator of the ribonucleotide reductases (EC 1.17.4.1) encoded by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and by varicella-zoster virus and to be a weaker inactivator of human ribonucleotide reductase. It also markedl...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.1051

    authors: Spector T,Harrington JA,Morrison RW Jr,Lambe CU,Nelson DJ,Averett DR,Biron K,Furman PA

    更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00

  • Hypothalamic extended synaptotagmin-3 contributes to the development of dietary obesity and related metabolic disorders.

    abstract::The C2 domain containing protein extended synaptotagmin (E-Syt) plays important roles in both lipid homeostasis and the intracellular signaling; however, its role in physiology remains largely unknown. Here, we show that hypothalamic E-Syt3 plays a critical role in diet-induced obesity (DIO). E-Syt3 is characteristica...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.2004392117

    authors: Zhang Y,Guan Y,Pan S,Yan L,Wang P,Chen Z,Shen Q,Zhao F,Zhang X,Li J,Li J,Cai D,Zhang G

    更新日期:2020-08-18 00:00:00

  • Meiosis in Phycomyces.

    abstract::A four-factor cross between two strains of Phycomyces involving two auxotrophic, one color, and the mating type marker is described. Samples of 40 germspores from 84 individual fertile germsporangia were characterized. The results show: (i) The germspores of a germsporangium are derived from one meiosis in approximate...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.4076

    authors: Eslava AP,Alvarez MI,Delbrück M

    更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00

  • Coarse-grained analysis of stochasticity-induced switching between collective motion states.

    abstract::A single animal group can display different types of collective motion at different times. For a one-dimensional individual-based model of self-organizing group formation, we show that repeated switching between distinct ordered collective states can occur entirely because of stochastic effects. We introduce a framewo...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0608270104

    authors: Kolpas A,Moehlis J,Kevrekidis IG

    更新日期:2007-04-03 00:00:00

  • High-resolution chromosomal localization of human genes for amylase, proopiomelanocortin, somatostatin, and a DNA fragment (D3S1) by in situ hybridization.

    abstract::The method of in situ hybridization has become a significant technique for specific-site chromosome mapping. We show that the resolution of in situ hybridization can be increased by hybridizing the probe to stretched prometaphase chromosomes with high-resolution banding obtained after 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment of ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.80.22.6932

    authors: Zabel BU,Naylor SL,Sakaguchi AY,Bell GI,Shows TB

    更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00

  • Host plant peptides elicit a transcriptional response to control the Sinorhizobium meliloti cell cycle during symbiosis.

    abstract::The α-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti establishes a chronic intracellular infection during the symbiosis with its legume hosts. Within specialized host cells, S. meliloti differentiates into highly polyploid, enlarged nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This differentiation is driven by host cells through the productio...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1400450111

    authors: Penterman J,Abo RP,De Nisco NJ,Arnold MF,Longhi R,Zanda M,Walker GC

    更新日期:2014-03-04 00:00:00

  • Inhibition of retinoic acid-induced activation of 3' human HOXB genes by antisense oligonucleotides affects sequential activation of genes located upstream in the four HOX clusters.

    abstract::Most homeobox genes belonging to the Hox family are sequentially activated in embryonal carcinoma cells upon treatment with retinoic acid. Genes located at the 3' end of each one of the four Hox clusters are activated first, whereas upstream Hox genes are activated progressively later. This activation has been extensi...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5335

    authors: Faiella A,Zappavigna V,Mavilio F,Boncinelli E

    更新日期:1994-06-07 00:00:00

  • Structural organization of a filamentous influenza A virus.

    abstract::Influenza is a lipid-enveloped, pleomorphic virus. We combine electron cryotomography and analysis of images of frozen-hydrated virions to determine the structural organization of filamentous influenza A virus. Influenza A/Udorn/72 virions are capsule-shaped or filamentous particles of highly uniform diameter. We show...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1002123107

    authors: Calder LJ,Wasilewski S,Berriman JA,Rosenthal PB

    更新日期:2010-06-08 00:00:00

  • Regulation of metallothionein genes by heavy metals appears to be mediated by a zinc-sensitive inhibitor that interacts with a constitutively active transcription factor, MTF-1.

    abstract::A construct, MRE-beta Geo, with five metal response elements fused to a selectable reporter gene was transfected into BHK cells and a stable clone that could be induced up to 100-fold by zinc, cadmium, bismuth, silver, cobalt, copper, mercury, or nickle was isolated. Some, and perhaps all, of these metals induce MRE-b...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1219

    authors: Palmiter RD

    更新日期:1994-02-15 00:00:00

  • Protein D1 preferentially binds A + T-rich DNA in vitro and is a component of Drosophila melanogaster nucleosomes containing A + T-rich satellite DNA.

    abstract::Our previous work [Levinger, L. & Varshavsky, A. (1982) Cell 28, 375-385] has shown that D1, a 50-kilodalton chromosomal protein of Drosophila melanogaster, is specifically associated with isolated nucleosomes that contain a complex A + T-rich satellite DNA with buoyant density of 1.688 g/ml. We show here that D1 is a...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.79.23.7152

    authors: Levinger L,Varshavsky A

    更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00

  • Visualization of a radical B12 enzyme with its G-protein chaperone.

    abstract::G-protein metallochaperones ensure fidelity during cofactor assembly for a variety of metalloproteins, including adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and hydrogenase, and thus have both medical and biofuel development applications. Here, we present crystal structures of IcmF, a natural fusion ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1419582112

    authors: Jost M,Cracan V,Hubbard PA,Banerjee R,Drennan CL

    更新日期:2015-02-24 00:00:00

  • Substrate selectivity in arginine-dependent acid resistance in enteric bacteria.

    abstract::To successfully colonize the human gut, enteric bacteria must activate acid resistance systems to survive the extreme acidity (pH 1.5-3.5) of the stomach. The antiporter AdiC is the master orchestrator of the arginine-dependent system. Upon acid shock, it imports extracellular arginine (Arg) into the cytoplasm, provid...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1301442110

    authors: Tsai MF,Miller C

    更新日期:2013-04-09 00:00:00

  • The anti-HIV pentameric pseudopeptide HB-19 is preferentially taken up in vivo by lymphoid organs where it forms a complex with nucleolin.

    abstract::The HB-19 pseudopeptide 5[Kpsi(CH(2)N)PR]-TASP, psi(CH(2)N) for reduced peptide bond, is a specific inhibitor of HIV infection in different CD4(+) cell lines and in primary T-lymphocytes and macrophages. It blocks virus-particle attachment to permissive cells by binding and forming a stable complex with nucleolin expr...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.221467298

    authors: Krust B,Vienet R,Cardona A,Rougeot C,Jacotot E,Callebaut C,Guichard G,Briand JP,Grognet JM,Hovanessian AG,Edelman L

    更新日期:2001-11-20 00:00:00

  • Gene flow across linguistic boundaries in Native North American populations.

    abstract::Cultural and linguistic groups are often expected to represent genetic populations. In this article, we tested the hypothesis that the hierarchical classification of languages proposed by J. Greenberg [(1987) Language in the Americas (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA)] also represents the genetic structure of Native...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0409301102

    authors: Hunley K,Long JC

    更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00

  • Acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular synapses: phylogenetic differences detected by snake alpha-neurotoxins.

    abstract::Phylogenetic differences in acetylcholine receptors from skeletal neuromuscular synapses of various species of snakes and lizards have been investigated, using the snake venom alpha-neurotoxins alpha-atratoxin (cobrotoxin) and alpha-bungarotoxin. The acetylcholine receptors of the phylogenetically primitive lizards, l...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.72.8.3245

    authors: Burden SJ,Hartzell HC,Yoshikami D

    更新日期:1975-08-01 00:00:00

  • (2'-5')Oligoadenylate in rat liver: modulation after partial hepatectomy.

    abstract::(2'-5')Oligoadenylate synthetase [(2'-5')A synthetase], which synthesizes a series of oligoadenylates ppp-(A2'p)n5'A [collectively referred to as (2'-5')A], has been described previously in rat liver cells, where its concentration varied with the growth status of this organ--i.e., it decreased during the early phase o...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.80.15.4609

    authors: Etienne-Smekens M,Vandenbussche P,Content J,Dumont JE

    更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00

  • The R1 component of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase has malignancy-suppressing activity as demonstrated by gene transfer experiments.

    abstract::Our recent studies have shown that deregulated expression of R2, the rate-limiting component of ribonucleotide reductase, enhances transformation and malignant potential by cooperating with activated oncogenes. We now demonstrate that the R1 component of ribonucleotide reductase has tumor-suppressing activity. Stable ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.13181

    authors: Fan H,Huang A,Villegas C,Wright JA

    更新日期:1997-11-25 00:00:00

  • Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans.

    abstract::The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans shows a significant lag in growth when diluted into fresh minimal medium. This lag is abolished by the addition of conditioned medium from a high-density culture. The active component of conditioned medium is tyrosol, which is released into the medium continuously during grow...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0401416101

    authors: Chen H,Fujita M,Feng Q,Clardy J,Fink GR

    更新日期:2004-04-06 00:00:00

  • DNA recognition code of transcription factors in the helix-turn-helix, probe helix, hormone receptor, and zinc finger families.

    abstract::We have previously reported that in four transcription factor families the DNA-recognition rules can be described as (i) chemical rules, which list possible pairings between the 20 amino acid residues and the four DNA bases, and (ii) stereochemical rules, which describe the base and amino acid positions in contact. We...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12357

    authors: Suzuki M,Yagi N

    更新日期:1994-12-20 00:00:00

  • Hierarchical mesoporous perovskite La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91 nanowires with ultrahigh capacity for Li-air batteries.

    abstract::Lithium-air batteries have captured worldwide attention due to their highest energy density among the chemical batteries. To provide continuous oxygen channels, here, we synthesized hierarchical mesoporous perovskite La(0.5)Sr(0.5)CoO(2.91) (LSCO) nanowires. We tested the intrinsic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1210315109

    authors: Zhao Y,Xu L,Mai L,Han C,An Q,Xu X,Liu X,Zhang Q

    更新日期:2012-11-27 00:00:00

  • Brain serotonin dysfunction accounts for aggression in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase.

    abstract::Genetically engineered mice with targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene established the inhibitory role of nitric oxide (NO) in male impulsive aggressive behavior. This was later confirmed by using selective nNOS inhibitors in male wild-type mice. The molecular mechanisms accounting for ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.031487198

    authors: Chiavegatto S,Dawson VL,Mamounas LA,Koliatsos VE,Dawson TM,Nelson RJ

    更新日期:2001-01-30 00:00:00

  • Extraneous factors in judicial decisions.

    abstract::Are judicial rulings based solely on laws and facts? Legal formalism holds that judges apply legal reasons to the facts of a case in a rational, mechanical, and deliberative manner. In contrast, legal realists argue that the rational application of legal reasons does not sufficiently explain the decisions of judges an...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1018033108

    authors: Danziger S,Levav J,Avnaim-Pesso L

    更新日期:2011-04-26 00:00:00

  • How nature can exploit nonspecific catalytic and carbohydrate binding modules to create enzymatic specificity.

    abstract::Noncatalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are components of glycoside hydrolases that attack generally inaccessible substrates. CBMs mediate a two- to fivefold elevation in the activity of endo-acting enzymes, likely through increasing the concentration of the appended enzymes in the vicinity of the substrate. ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1212034109

    authors: Cuskin F,Flint JE,Gloster TM,Morland C,Baslé A,Henrissat B,Coutinho PM,Strazzulli A,Solovyova AS,Davies GJ,Gilbert HJ

    更新日期:2012-12-18 00:00:00

  • Random circular permutation of genes and expressed polypeptide chains: application of the method to the catalytic chains of aspartate transcarbamoylase.

    abstract::Recent studies on proteins whose N and C termini are in close proximity have demonstrated that folding of polypeptide chains and assembly of oligomers can be accomplished with circularly permuted chains. As yet no methodical study has been conducted to determine how extensively new termini can be introduced and where ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11591

    authors: Graf R,Schachman HK

    更新日期:1996-10-15 00:00:00

  • Chemical and structural analysis of a photoactive vertebrate cryptochrome from pigeon.

    abstract::Computational and biochemical studies implicate the blue-light sensor cryptochrome (CRY) as an endogenous light-dependent magnetosensor enabling migratory birds to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field. Validation of such a mechanism has been hampered by the absence of structures of vertebrate CRYs that have funct...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1907875116

    authors: Zoltowski BD,Chelliah Y,Wickramaratne A,Jarocha L,Karki N,Xu W,Mouritsen H,Hore PJ,Hibbs RE,Green CB,Takahashi JS

    更新日期:2019-09-24 00:00:00