Abstract:
:Molecular modeling and two-dimensional NMR techniques enable us to identify structural features in the third variable region (V3) loop of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surface glycoprotein gp120, in particular the principal neutralizing determinant (PND), that remain conserved despite the sequence variation. The conserved structure of the PND is a solvent-accessible protruding motif or a knob, structurally isomorphous with the immunodominant knobs in the tandem repeat protein of human mucin 1 (MUC1) (a tumor antigen for breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer). We have replaced the mucin antigenic knobs by the PND knobs of the HIV MN isolate in a set of chimeric human MUC1/HIV V3 antigens. This produced multivalent HIV antigens in which PNDs are located at regular intervals and separated by extended mucin spacers. In this article we show by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy that the multivalent antigens preserve the PNDs in their native structure. We also demonstrate by ELISA that the antigens correctly present the PNDs for binding to monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera from HIV-infected patients.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Fontenot JD,Gatewood JM,Mariappan SV,Pau CP,Parekh BS,George JR,Gupta Gdoi
10.1073/pnas.92.1.315subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-03 00:00:00pages
315-9issue
1eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
92pub_type
杂志文章abstract::High-resolution analyses of a late Holocene core from Kettle Lake in North Dakota reveal coeval fluctuations in loss-on-ignition carbonate content, percentage of grass pollen, and charcoal flux. These oscillations are indicative of climate-fuel-fire cycles that have prevailed on the Northern Great Plains (NGP) for mos...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0503621102
更新日期:2005-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::mRNA localization is a complex pathway. Besides mRNA sorting per se, this process includes aspects of regulated translation. It requires protein factors that interact with defined sequences (or sequence motifs) of the transcript, and the protein/RNA complexes are finally guided along the cytoskeleton to their ultimate...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.111146598
更新日期:2001-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::The role of protein kinase C (PKC) as a mediator of glucose-induced insulin secretion has been a subject of controversy. Glucose-induced translocation of PKC has not been reported, and the relevant PKC isoenzymes in islets have not been identified. To address these issues, we developed specific antibodies to the alpha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9893
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The high-affinity receptor for human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit binds GM-CSF with low affinity, whereas the beta subunit does not bind GM-CSF by itself. The alpha and beta subunits together form the high-affinity GM-CSF rece...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.12.5082
更新日期:1991-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The brain contains an astonishing diversity of neurons, each expressing only one set of ion channels out of the billions of potential channel combinations. Simple organizing principles are required for us to make sense of this abundance of possibilities and wealth of related data. We suggest that energy minimization s...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0914886107
更新日期:2010-07-06 00:00:00
abstract::A specific lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane has been synthesized in a cell-free system directed by purified messenger RNA. The mRNA for the lipoprotein was purified as 7S RNA about 250-fold from exponentially growing cells. Protein synthesis of the cell-free system was totally dependent upon the addition of t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4149
更新日期:1974-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leaflets of Samanea saman open and close rhythmically, driven by an endogenous circadian clock. Light has a rapid, direct effect on the movements and also rephases the rhythm. We investigated whether light signals might be mediated by increased inositolphospholipid turnover, a mechanism for signal transduction that is...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7075
更新日期:1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cranial neural crest cells (crNCCs) migrate from the neural tube to the pharyngeal arches (PAs) of the developing embryo and, subsequently, differentiate into bone and connective tissue to form the mandible. Within the PAs, crNCCs respond to local signaling cues to partition into the proximo-distally oriented subdomai...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1603930113
更新日期:2016-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::By incorporating a population number regulating mechanism into the formulation of genic selection involving a pair of alleles (A1 and A2) with respective frequencies x and I-x, it is shown that the change of x in one generation is given by deltax = sx(1-x)/W, in which W is the mean absolute selective value (in Wright'...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.4.1934
更新日期:1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The different isoforms of PDGF bind with different affinities to two different receptor types. Previously, these receptors have been demonstrated mainly on mesenchymal and glial cells. We show here that PDGF beta-type receptors are present also on rat brain neurons in vivo as well as in vitro. Immunohistochemical anal...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.8159
更新日期:1991-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) per relative concentrations of its activators p35 and p25 is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. P35 has a short t½ and undergoes rapid proteasomal degradation in its membrane-bound myristoylated form. P35 is converted by calpain to p25, which, along with an exte...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1422001112
更新日期:2015-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::Normal rat kidney cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant (LA23) of Rous sarcoma virus exhibit the transformed phenotype when grown at 33 degrees and the normal phenotype at 39 degrees. We have previously shown [Ash, J.F., Vogt, P.K. & Singer, S.J. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3603-3607] that the a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.5015
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The total synthesis of the sialic acid-containing antigenic epitope fucose GM(1) (Fuc-GM(1)) by an improved reactivity-based one-pot synthetic strategy is reported. Based on a thioglycoside reactivity database, three saccharide building blocks, 3, 4, and 5, were designed and prepared to incorporate a descending order ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0337590100
更新日期:2003-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptically released glutamate has been identified as a signal coupling excitatory neuronal activity to increased glucose utilization. The proposed mechanism of this coupling involves glutamate uptake into astrocytes resulting in increased intracellular Na+ (Nai+) and activation of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Increased metabo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2132096100
更新日期:2003-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::In animals, fatty acid desaturases catalyze key reactions in the synthesis of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. A search of the Caenorhabditis elegans DNA databases, using the sequences of Arabidopsis genes, identified several putative desaturases. Here we describe the characterization of the fir...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.4.1142
更新日期:1997-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of RNAi has revolutionized loss-of-function genetic studies in mammalian systems. However, significant challenges still remain to fully exploit RNAi for mammalian genetics. For instance, genetic screens and in vivo studies could be broadly improved by methods that allow inducible and uniform gene express...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1019736108
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The apparatus of photosynthetic energy conversion in chloroplasts is quite well characterized with respect to structure and function. Light-driven electron transport in the thylakoid membrane is coupled to synthesis of ATP, used to drive energy-dependent metabolic processes in the stroma and the outer surface of the t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0308164100
更新日期:2004-02-03 00:00:00
abstract::The oxygenation of the atmosphere ∼2.45-2.32 billion years ago (Ga) is one of the most significant geological events to have affected Earth's redox history. Our understanding of the timing and processes surrounding this key transition is largely dependent on the development of redox-sensitive proxies, many of which re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1523544113
更新日期:2016-05-03 00:00:00
abstract::Coincidence cloning allows the isolation of sequences held in common by two genomic DNA populations. Human DNA from two human-hamster hybrid cell lines was amplified by Alu-repeat primers (Alu PCR) and the products originating from the shared human chromosomal region were cloned. To achieve this, human sequences were ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.15.6765
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In earlier studies it was shown that the mammalian translation system is highly organized in vivo and that the intermediates in the process, aminoacyl-tRNAs, are channeled--i.e., they are directly transferred from the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the elongation factor to the ribosomes without dissociating into the ce...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7158
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have measured the quantities of naturally occurring autoantibodies in the serum of normal, unmanipulated individuals. These changes over time following broad-band complex dynamical patterns that are similar in mouse and man. The patterns more likely reflect the network architecture of the natural antibody repertoir...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5917
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against interleukin (IL) 1 alpha have been found to activate antigen-presenting cells (APC, human peripheral blood monocytes and B lymphocytes), so that unstimulated T lymphocytes cultured with them are induced to proliferate and secrete IL-2. Control mAbs of the same isotypes and mAb...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.4.1305
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Morphogenesis often yields organs with robust size and shapes, whereas cell growth and deformation feature significant spatiotemporal variability. Here, we investigate whether tissue responses to mechanical signals contribute to resolve this apparent paradox. We built a model of growing tissue made of fiber-like mater...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1815342116
更新日期:2019-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::Existing moral psychology research commonly explains certain phenomena in terms of a motivation to blame. However, this motivation is not measured directly, but rather is inferred from other measures, such as participants' judgments of an agent's blameworthiness. The present paper introduces new methods for assessing ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1501592112
更新日期:2015-03-24 00:00:00
abstract::The antigenic mosaic of the Archaebacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, strain delta H, was analyzed with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies. Five antigenic determinants were identified. One contains N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, another contains N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and a third contains gamma-glutamylalani...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.20.6346
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The piriform cortex (PCX) is the largest component of the olfactory cortex and is hypothesized to be the locus of odor object formation. The distributed odorant representation found in PCX contrasts sharply with the topographical representation seen in other primary sensory cortices, making it difficult to test this v...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1411266111
更新日期:2014-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::Pertussis toxin, a protein composed of five different subunits (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5), is the major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis. We have cloned and sequenced a DNA fragment of 4.7 kilobases that contains the genes coding for the five subunits. The genes are clustered within 3.2 kilobases in the followin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.13.4631
更新日期:1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A hierarchy of residue density assessments and packing properties in protein structures are contrasted, including a regular density, a variety of charge densities, a hydrophobic density, a polar density, and an aromatic density. These densities are investigated by alternative distance measures and also at the interfac...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12494
更新日期:1999-10-26 00:00:00
abstract::Sessile marine organisms are prolific sources of biologically active natural products. However, these compounds are often found in highly variable amounts, with the abiotic and biotic factors governing their production remaining poorly understood. We present an approach that permits monitoring of in vivo natural produ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1012813108
更新日期:2011-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra are reported for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and glucose oxidase (beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.4), in resonance with the 450 nm flavin absorption band. Several isoalloxazine ring modes were observed (1635, 1584, 1507, 1416, and 1359 cm(-1))...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4146
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00