Abstract:
:Behavioral consequences of low-level lead (Pb) exposure include impairments in learning processes and in Fixed-Interval schedule-controlled operant behavior. Although the neurobiological bases of these effects remain undetermined, current evidence suggests that inhibitory effects of Pb on the NMDA receptor complex may play a preferential role in the learning deficits. In contrast, alterations in dopaminergic systems, consistent with a decrease in dopamine availability, appear to be related to the changes in Fixed-Interval performance. Hypocholinergic function has also been described, but its relationship to the behavioral changes is not yet known. Explication of these relationships will require more efforts involving direct rather than correlative methods. The answers are critical for understanding risks associated with exposure and for the development of behavioral or chemical therapeutic strategies for dealing with lead neurotoxicity.
journal_name
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicoljournal_title
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicologyauthors
Cory-Slechta DAdoi
10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.002135subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-01 00:00:00pages
391-415eissn
0362-1642issn
1545-4304journal_volume
35pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The realization that there exists a multimembered family of cation channels with structural similarity to Drosophila's Trp channel emerged during the second half of the 1990s. In mammals, depending on the species, the TRP family counts 29 or 30 members which has been subdivided into 6 subfamilies on the basis of seque...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094928
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroglial cells of the central nervous system include the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Their counterparts in the peripheral nervous system are the Schwann cells. The term neuroglia comes from an erroneous concept originally coined by Virchow (1850), in which he envisioned the neurons to be embedded in...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.151
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are two Ca(2+) messengers derived from NAD and NADP, respectively. Although NAADP is a linear molecule, structurally distinct from the cyclic cADPR, it is synthesized by similar enzymes, ADP-ribosyl cyclase and its homolog, CD38. The c...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.317
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass vaccination during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at mucosal surfaces, which may further enhance protection and minimize the spread of disease. T...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030320-092348
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder that begins in mid to late life and is characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and, in many, psychological and cognitive changes. Recent advances have helped delineate pathogenetic mechanisms, yet the cause of PD...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-acting contraceptives are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. Increasing patients' access to these contraceptives may translate into fewer unintended pregnancies and lead to substantial individual and public health benefits. However, development of long-acting products can be complex and challeng...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031120-015212
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination of membrane proteins and holds great potential for structure-based drug discovery. Here we discuss the potential of cryo-EM in the rational design of therapeutics for membrane proteins compared to X-ray crystallography. We also detail recent...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023545
更新日期:2020-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Systems approaches have long been used in pharmacology to understand drug action at the organ and organismal levels. The application of computational and experimental systems biology approaches to pharmacology allows us to expand the definition of systems pharmacology to include network analyses at multiple scales of ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134520
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arterial tone is coordinated among vessel segments to optimize nutrient transport and organ function. Coordinated vasomotor activity is remarkable to observe and depends on stimuli, sparsely generated in tissue, eliciting electrical responses that conduct lengthwise among electrically coupled vascular cells. The condu...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052623
更新日期:2018-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141238
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclooxygenase (COX), first purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988, is the key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid. In 1991, several laboratories identified a product from a second gene with COX activity and called it COX-2. However, COX-2 was inducible, and the inducing stimuli included...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Though opioid receptors are more difficult to purify and characterize than other cell surface receptors, significant progress has been made in the past several years. At least a dozen groups have now reported purification of opioid-binding proteins, either in a form that retains ligand-binding properties, or in a cova...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.30.040190.001011
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA topoisomerases are double-edged swords. They are essential for many vital functions of DNA during normal cell growth. However, they are also highly vulnerable under various physiological and nonphysiological stresses because of their delicate act on breaking and rejoining DNA. These stresses (e.g. exposure to topo...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.53
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research spanning (genetically engineered) animal models, healthy volunteers, and sleep-disordered patients has identified the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, hypocretin, melatonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, γ-amino-butyric acid, and adenosine as important players ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103801
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription machinery in the nucleolus is the key convergence point that collects and integrates a vast array of information from cellular signaling cascades to regulate ribosome production that in turn guides cell growth and proliferation. Cancer cells commonly harbor mutations that ina...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105844
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cost of drugs is a major and rapidly rising component of health-care expenditures. We survey recent literature on the ethics and economics of skyrocketing pharmaceutical prices and find that advances in economic research have increased the sharpness and focus of the ethically based calls to increase access by modi...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124649
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides a personal account of the discovery of the induced synthesis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and of subsequent research that led to the discovery of multiple cytochromes P450 with different catalytic activities. The manuscript also emphasizes the role of environmental factors (in addition to genetic...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135754
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bisphosphonates (BPs) are pyrophosphate analogs in which the oxygen bridge has been replaced by carbon and diverse carbon side chains have generated a large family of compounds. Several are potent inhibitors of bone destruction (resorption) and are in clinical use for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, Page...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.375
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Caveolae, a subset of membrane (lipid) rafts, are flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that contain caveolin proteins, which serve as organizing centers for cellular signal transduction. Caveolins (-1, -2, and -3) have cytoplasmic N and C termini, palmitolylation sites, and a scaffolding domain that facilit...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.121506.124841
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human syndromes and mouse mutants that exhibit accelerated but bona fide aging in multiple organs and tissues have been invaluable for the identification of nine denominators of aging: telomere attrition, genome instability, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated nutrient sensing, altered inter...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124316
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Major advances in scientific discovery and insights can result from the development and use of new techniques, as exemplified by the work of Solomon Snyder, who writes a prefatory article in this volume. The Editors have chosen "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology" as the Theme ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type:
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091616-023708
更新日期:2017-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid and one of the few metals that can be metabolized inside the human body. The pervasive presence of arsenic in nature and anthropogenic sources from agricultural and medical use have perpetuated human exposure to this toxic and carcinogenic element. Highly exposed individuals ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-013418
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have led to a greater appreciation of the diverse roles RNAs play in maintaining normal cellular function and how they contribute to disease pathology, broadening the number of potential therapeutic targets. Antisense oligonucleotides are the most direct means to target RNA in a selective manner and hav...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104846
更新日期:2017-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::γ-Secretases are a group of widely expressed, intramembrane-cleaving proteases involved in many physiological processes. Their clinical relevance comes from their involvement in Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and other disorders. A clinical trial with the wide-spectrum γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat has, however, de...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The beta 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has now been extensively characterized at the structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activation studies helped define a beta-adrenergic profile that is quite distinct from that of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors, bu...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.421
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histone acetylation is a prominent epigenetic modification of the central nervous system that is unequivocally associated with an increase in the rate of gene transcription. Because gene transcription, in turn, plays an important role in long-lasting forms of memory, histone acetylation generally favors long-term memo...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140216
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus in...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021842
更新日期:2019-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The major concepts presented in this review can be summarized as follows: 1. There is a multidirectional continuum of anesthetic states--some represented by CNS excitation and others by depression. 2. The reticular activating system is influenced by all anesthetics; some inhibit its action (stage III) and some hyperex...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.16.040176.002213
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2,...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Either an excess or a deficiency of vitamin A and related compounds (retinoids) causes abnormal morphological development (teratogenesis). Potential retinoid sources come from dietary intake, nutritional supplements, and some therapeutic drugs. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of retinoid teratogenesis is impor...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.399
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00