Abstract:
:We examine the resource implications of two potential health services aimed at preventing congenital toxoplasmosis: a screening service involving serological surveillance for toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and its prophylactic treatment; and a health education campaign to help pregnant women avoid acquiring toxoplasma infection, through advice about special precautions regarding hygiene. Measuring the costs and benefits of prevention is complicated by uncertainty of the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in the United Kingdom, the extent of its harmful manifestations--mental and visual handicap--and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Hence an important aspect of this study is that it exemplifies the use of 'sensitivity analysis' as an aid to evaluation in the absence of hard data. We find that a screening service would seem unlikely to save resources, but that a health education campaign would seem much more likely to do so and further assessment of its potential effectiveness would be valuable.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Henderson JB,Beattie CP,Hale EG,Wright Tdoi
10.1093/ije/13.1.65subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-03-01 00:00:00pages
65-72issue
1eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Cross-national comparisons of injury mortality can suggest possible causal explanations for injuries across different countries and cultures. This study identifies differences in injury mortality between Los Angeles (LA) County, California and Mexico City DF, Mexico. METHODS:Using LA County and Mexico City ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.4.715
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To describe the seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in a population of Egyptian children under 3 years. METHODS:A cohort of children under 36 months, residing in Abu Homos, Egypt, were visited at home twice weekly. Information regarding the child's breastfeeding status was obtained, and period...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.5.928
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and white women residents of North Carolina, were evaluated to determine whether specific aspects of lactation are associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer. METHODS:Analyse...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.3.396
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lower maternal serum vitamin B12 (B12) and folate levels have been associated with lower offspring birthweight, in observational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this relationship is causal. METHODS:We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary data on associati...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa256
更新日期:2020-12-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Despite abundant evidence that lower education is associated with a higher risk of smoking, whether the association is causal has not been convincingly established. METHODS:We investigated the association between education and lifetime smoking patterns in a birth cohort established in 1959 and followed thro...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dym250
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:While the COVID-19 outbreak in China now appears suppressed, Europe and the USA have become the epicentres, both reporting many more deaths than China. Responding to the pandemic, Sweden has taken a different approach aiming to mitigate, not suppress, community transmission, by using physical distancing with...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa121
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium disease on the basis of history and physical examination alone is often difficult. Tests have thus been developed to allow an early and more accurate diagnosis. However these tests have substantial imperfections and many different results obtained from these tests must be integ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/17.1.202
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper reports on the trends of induced abortion in Italy since its legalization in 1978. Data collected through the national surveillance system show that the abortion rates and ratios in Italy, after an initial increase, have been stable in the last four years, and are comparable to those of other European countr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/15.3.343
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper discusses the application of Popper's philosophy to epidemiological research, examining in particular the problems of replication without risk of refutation, of mistaking statistical sophistication for deductive inference, and of dealing with causality at a general level. An example is given of a Popperian ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/4.3.159
更新日期:1975-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study gives results for comparisons between dietary history interviews repeated at short-term (4-8 months) and long-term (4-7 years) intervals in conjunction with the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. Interviews surveying the whole range of consumable foods over the preceding year were completed in...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/ije/22.3.520
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Smoking increases the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, but it is not clear whether smoking increases the risk of acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS:Information on smoking was collected from 10 areas in four continents among population-based, age-stratif...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn033
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to analyse misclassification of height, weight and body mass index (BMI), derived from mail questionnaires, and its dependency on socioeconomic factors. METHODS:A random sample of 4442 adults aged 18-84 years, living in Stockholm county, Sweden, were in 1984-1985 asked about th...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.860
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Preliminary research suggests an association between depression and subsequent increased risk of infections, yet little is known on this topic. This study investigated the association between depression and risk of various types of infections, including temporal and dose-response relationships. METHODS:A pr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyv333
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop a procedure for maximizing the discrimination of smoking status, the authors analysed parallel samples of thiocyanate and cotinine in serum, and carbon monoxide (CO) in expired air in a cohort of 145 male subjects aged 45-65 years. The sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 82%, 97% and 83%, and 98% and 1...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.3.488
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we derive national estimates of the prevalence of children's exposure to parental smoking in West Germany. The estimates are based on a national health survey conducted in 1987 and refer to those parents living in the same household as the child. Estimated prevalences of maternal smoking range from 18.9...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.5.818
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Themba Lethu Clinical Cohort was established in 2004 to allow large patient-level analyses from a single HIV treatment site to evaluate National Treatment Guidelines, answer questions of national and international policy relevance and to combine an economic and epidemiologic focus on HIV research. The current obje...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys029
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In tropical Africa, parasitic and infective diseases remain the predominant causes of mortality and morbidity, and health and epidemiological services are poorly developed. Experience elsewhere has shown the value of surveillance in the control of communicable diseases and this paper contains a brief review of the use...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/5.1.39
更新日期:1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coronary heart disease (CHD) is regarded as a disease of developed 'western' societies. Within developed societies, however, CHD is typically a disease of the less affluent socioeconomic classes. This has not always been the case. Forty years ago. CHD was reported to be more common among the upper social classes. In N...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.2.393
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seemingly contradictory data support controversies concerning the relationships between food intake and illnesses. The present study of 1035 adults, aged 30-39 years, shows that (1) daily energy intake is not higher in obese than in non-obese people, (2) obesity is more prevalent in social groups where energy intake i...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.3.571
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Life history theory and resource dilution models of the family suggest that siblings may present a threat to healthy development because they compete for resources that parents have available to invest in individual offspring. Using data from a large cohort study of contemporary British families (ALSPAC), we...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn116
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::An extensive area of rural Ireland was monitored in detail for natural background radiation (NBR); average background radiation values were derived for all District Electoral Divisions (DEDs) in this area. Cancer mortality rates were calculated for the DEDs aggregated according to average NBR. No association was appar...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.4.414
更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In both seasonal and inter-town variation, the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales in 1969-71 is very highly correlated with temperature. Also in the inter-town variation, IHD mortality is highly correlated with rainfall and with socio-economic index. It is postulated that the same mechanism of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/5.2.195
更新日期:1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Mendelian randomization (MR) is being increasingly used to strengthen causal inference in observational studies. Availability of summary data of genetic associations for a variety of phenotypes from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allows straightforward application of MR using summary data metho...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyx102
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:End-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence and prevalence are increasing in many countries worldwide. Due to the high cost of therapy, predicting future numbers of patients requiring dialysis and transplantation is necessary for health care planners. Projecting therapy-specific chronic disease prevalence is in...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.2.274
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-standardized cancer death rates in Puerto Rican-born males and females residing in New York City have been calculated for 1979-81, and compared with those for white non-Puerto Rican-born people. For all population groups the rates in 1979-81 have been compared with rates in 1969-71. For some cancer sites, in parti...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/15.1.30
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This cohort profile describes the origins, tracing, recruitment, testing and follow-up of the University of Edinburgh-based Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921; N = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936; N = 1091). The participants undertook a general intelligence test at age 11 years and were recruited for these cohorts at mean ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyr197
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:The dietary intakes of 90 confirmed primary liver cancer cases were compared against 90 age-sex matched controls. Dietary recall, obtained by the same nutritionist, was taken for each change of residence lasting one year or more. The frequency and amounts of food items consumed were calculated into units of ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/11.2.112
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Child mortality rates have been declining in most developing countries. We studied child and maternal mortality risk factors for child mortality in Beira city in July 1993, after a decade of conflict in Mozambique. METHODS:A community-based cluster sample survey of 4609 women of childbearing age was conduct...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.2.349
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:France has the second highest number of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) cases worldwide. Imports of bovine carcasses from the UK probably constituted the main source of exposure of the French population to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. Meat products consumed whilst visiting the U...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh374
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) is a 10-country collaborative study in which EPIC-Norfolk is one of the UK centres. EPIC-Norfolk examined 25 639 men and women resident in East Anglia (aged 40-79 years), between 1993 and 1997. The EPIC collaboration was set up to examine the dietary determinants...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyt086
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00