Abstract:
:Few of the articles published on antibiotics and pregnancy are concerned with pharmacokinetics. It is particularly difficult to evaluate possible alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters that may be due to pregnancy. Most data available have been obtained in connection with abortion or delivery. Such data may not be representative for pregnancy as such. Marked changes in most organ systems, particularly in renal function, but in composition and amounts of body fluids as well, make it likely that several pharmacokinetic parameters change, possibly gradually as pregnancy progresses. Accumulated data for several beta-lactam antibiotics, and also for aminoglycosides indicate that antibiotics eliminated mainly by renal excretion will produce lower levels in serum or plasma in pregnant women than in other individuals. Also, the half-life of certain antibiotics in serum is shorter during pregnancy. Transplacental passage occurs for all antibiotics according to the physicochemical properties of the drug. Bolus injections to a pregnant woman are more efficient than continuous infusion in producing high levels of antibiotic in fetal serum and amniotic fluid. Fetal tissue levels are higher following multiple doses than after a single dose. Lower serum levels of antibiotics in pregnant women than in other individuals following the same dosage will be unsatisfactory as micr-organisms are less likely to be affected.
journal_name
Clin Pharmacokinetjournal_title
Clinical pharmacokineticsauthors
Philipson Adoi
10.2165/00003088-197904040-00003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1979-07-01 00:00:00pages
297-309issue
4eissn
0312-5963issn
1179-1926journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Milrinone is the drug of choice for the treatment and prevention of low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in paediatric patients after open heart surgery across Europe. Discrepancies, however, among prescribing guidance, clinical studies and practice pattern require clarification to ensure safe an...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0096-z
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether opportunistically collected data can be used to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in pediatric patients; and (2) characterize age-related maturational changes in drug disposition for the renally eliminated and hepatically metaboliz...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-00733-1
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A substantial proportion of migraine patients have gastric stasis and suffer severe nausea and/or vomiting during their migraine attack. This may lead to erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and make oral treatment unsatisfactory. For such patients, an intranasal formulation may be advantageous. Sumatrip...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200241110-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reducing the dose of efavirenz can improve safety, reduce costs, and increase access for patients with HIV infection. According to the World Health Organization, a similar dosing strategy for all patient populations is desirable for universal roll-out; however, it remains unknown whether the 400 mg daily dos...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0642-9
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To analyse the influence of covariates on the apparent clearance (CL) of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant recipients being converted from cyclosporin to tacrolimus. DESIGN:Retrospective modelling study. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS:18 children, 13 girls and 5 boys, aged 4 months to 16 years (median 9....
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140010-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Creatine is a nonessential dietary component that, when supplemented in the diet, has shown physiological benefits in athletes, in animal-based models of disease and in patients with various muscle, neurological and neuromuscular disease. The clinical relevance of creatine supplementation is based primarily on its rol...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200342060-00005
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many pathological changes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) which can lead to alterations in drug disposition. Although, in patients with CF, the extent of drug absorption varies widely and the rate of absorption is slower, bioavailability is not altered. Plasma protein binding for the majority of drugs ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199835040-00004
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacological treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease is becoming more important, as evidenced by the number of drugs being developed in different countries. It has been shown in the majority of clinical trials that cholinesterase inhibitors, such as tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine), are able to induce benef...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199529020-00005
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Caspofungin is an echinocandin antifungal agent used as first-line therapy for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. The maintenance dose is adapted to body weight (BW) or liver function (Child-Pugh score B or C). We aimed to study the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and assess pharmacokineti...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-015-0347-2
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of grepafloxacin in healthy male subjects following single oral administration of doses ranging from 200 to 1200 mg, and following repeated oral administration of 400 and 800 mg doses are reported. Plasma levels of grepafloxacin reached a peak within 2 hours (on average) following drug administrat...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-199700331-00003
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histamine H2-receptor antagonists are a unique class of compounds. Pharmacologically they are characterised as a family by their ability to inhibit the secretion of gastric acid, and kinetically they are classified as a family by their similarity in absorption, distribution and elimination. All the H2-receptor antagon...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199120030-00004
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) fluticasone furoate is in development, in combination with the long-acting beta2-agonist vilanterol for the once-daily treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and as a monotherapy treatment for asthma. Corticosteroids, including ICSs, have the potentia...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0078-1
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are a complex group of proteins and glycoproteins able to exert pleiotropic effects with respect to a number of different target cells. In physiological conditions, they are induced and released in basal amounts only in restricted microenvironments where they have paracrin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199121040-00004
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fast-acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) is an ultra-fast-acting formulation of insulin aspart (IAsp). This post hoc analysis investigated the pharmacokinetics of faster aspart versus IAsp, measured as free or total IAsp, and the relationship between anti-IAsp antibodies and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacody...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0718-6
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 评论,信件
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0665-2
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dosage adjustments can be difficult and time-consuming, especially for the non-specialist. The objective of this investigation was to obtain shortcut formulae to calculate dosage adjustments for (i) a drug obeying linear pharmacokinetics (i.e. first order) and given orally, by a continuous infusion or by an intermitte...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11313460-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many antiarrhythmic drugs introduced into the market during the past three decades have a chiral centre in their structure and are marketed as racemates. Most of these agents, including disopyramide, encainide, flecainide, mexiletine, propafenone and tocainide, belong to class I antiarrhythmics, whereas verapamil is a...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200241080-00001
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than one billion people, mainly living in developing countries. For most of these NTDs, treatment is suboptimal. To optimize treatment regimens, clinical pharmacokinetic studies are required where they have not been previously conducted to enable the use of ph...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0467-3
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intestinal metabolism can limit oral bioavailability of drugs and increase the risk of drug interactions. It is therefore important to be able to predict and quantify it in drug discovery and early development. In recent years, a plethora of models-in vivo, in situ and in vitro-have been discussed in the literature. T...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-015-0351-6
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aminoglycosides are important antibacterial agents for the treatment of serious infection. Evidence suggests that high peak plasma concentrations must be achieved early in the course of treatment if these agents are to be effective, but prolonged high concentrations may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Peak plasm...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199427010-00004
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:This analysis used a population pharmacokinetic approach to identify covariates that influence plasma exposure of liraglutide 3.0 mg, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved for weight management in overweight and obese individuals. METHODS:Samples for pharmacokinetic anal...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0410-7
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Imeglimin (IMEG) is the first in a novel class of oral glucose-lowering agents with a unique mechanism of action targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. We assessed whether repeated co-administration of IMEG and either metformin (MET) or sitagliptin (SITA) would influence the pharmacokinetics o...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00886-y
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Routine use of therapeutic drug monitoring in children is helpful in individualizing the dosage during long term treatment (e.g. theophylline and antiepileptic drugs) and in checking against toxic accumulation of drug in neonates (e.g. digoxin, theophylline/caffeine and aminoglycoside antibiotics). In individual patie...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198900171-00003
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that the minimum effective serum clozapine concentration for an acceptable clinical response (threshold value) is about 400 micrograms/L. This article argues against the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) as a tool to obtain clozapine concentrations of > or = 400 micrograms/L in the individ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834060-00005
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the dose proportionality of lacidipine after single and repeated oral doses, and to obtain new information on the pharmacokinetics of the compound since improvement of the plasma assay method. DESIGN:Open, randomised, four-way cross-over trial. PARTICIPANTS:24 healthy male and female volunteers, a...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-200342010-00004
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis is an important tool to support optimal treatment in clinical oncology. The population approach is suitable to explain variability between patients and to establish relationships between drug exposure and a relevant pharmacodynamic parameter. This can facilitate ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200847080-00001
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Short-term antimanic therapy with lithium and relapse-repressive, so-called "prophylactic" long-term therapy with lithium, may present clinical problems which demand an understanding of two cardinal properties of this form of therapy--the need to individualise the dose and the recognition that successful therapy invol...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-197702020-00001
更新日期:1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fondaparinux sodium is a novel antithrombotic agent, the first of a new class of selective factor Xa inhibitors. It has favourable pharmacokinetics including 100% bioavailability, low variability and a mean terminal half-life of 17 hours for young and 21 hours for elderly healthy volunteers, enabling once-da...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200241002-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ertugliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), is approved in the US, EU, and other regions for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the ertugliflozin pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic data obtained during phase I clinical developm...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00875-1
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mycophenolate mofetil is the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and is used as an immunosuppressant following renal, heart, lung and liver transplantation. Although MPA plasma concentrations have been shown to correlate with clinical outcome, there is considerable inter- and intrapatient pharmacokinetic vari...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200544100-00006
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00