Abstract:
:The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Howard J,Huang A,Li Z,Tufekci Z,Zdimal V,van der Westhuizen HM,von Delft A,Price A,Fridman L,Tang LH,Tang V,Watson GL,Bax CE,Shaikh R,Questier F,Hernandez D,Chu LF,Ramirez CM,Rimoin AWdoi
10.1073/pnas.2014564118subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-26 00:00:00issue
4eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
2014564118journal_volume
118pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Ecosystem restoration aims to restore biodiversity and valuable functions that have been degraded or lost. The Coral Triangle is a hotspot for marine biodiversity held in its coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, all of which are in global decline. These coastal ecosystems support valuable fisheries and...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1707962114
更新日期:2017-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Tadpole collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) cleaved chick cranial bone procollagen into two triple-stranded fragments, PCA and PCB. Only PCB, with an estimated molecular weight of about 60,000 for each component chain after reduction, was found to contain interchain disulfide bonds. The analogous cleavage of collagen is known t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.8.3009
更新日期:1975-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Container-shaped molecules provide structured environments that impart geometric bounds on the motions and conformations of smaller molecular occupants. Moreover, they provide "solvation" that is constrained in time and space. When inwardly directed functional groups are present, they can interact chemically with the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.0501731102
更新日期:2005-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::Adenine-thymine (AT)-rich interactive domain 5a (Arid5a) is an RNA-binding protein found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of normally growing cells. Although Arid5a is known to play an important role in immune regulation, whether and how Arid5a subcellular localization impacts immune regulation has remained unclear. In th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1719921115
更新日期:2018-02-06 00:00:00
abstract::Humans who have inherited the class I major histocompatibility allele HLA-A29 have a markedly increased relative risk of developing the eye disease termed birdshot chorioretinopathy. This disease affecting adults is characterized by symmetrically scattered, small, cream-colored spots in the fundus associated with reti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.051595998
更新日期:2001-02-27 00:00:00
abstract::When we grasp and manipulate an object, populations of tactile nerve fibers become activated and convey information about the shape, size, and texture of the object and its motion across the skin. The response properties of tactile fibers have been extensively characterized in single-unit recordings, yielding importan...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1704856114
更新日期:2017-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::An effective plant alkaloid chemical defense requires a variety of transport processes, but few alkaloid transporters have been characterized at the molecular level. Previously, a gene fragment encoding a putative plasma membrane proton symporter was isolated, because it was coordinately regulated with several nicotin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1108620108
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A site that is preferentially cleaved by the single-strand-specific endonuclease from Aspergillus oryzae was located in vitro 180 base pairs upstream from the 5' end of the chicken pro-alpha 2(I) collagen gene. It is found in supercoiled plasmids with a negative superhelical density of -0.024 or more but not in linear...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.6.1659
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In budding yeast, two transcription factors, Swi4 and Swi6, control the expression of important cell cycle regulatory proteins (the G1 cyclins, Cln1 and Cln2, and the cyclin-like Hcs26) as well as the HO gene, whose product initiates mating-type switching. Both Swi4 and Swi6 are components of a protein complex that fo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.11852
更新日期:1992-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate network composed of an array of macromolecules capable of regulating the functional responsiveness of cells. Its composition greatly varies among different types of tissue, and dysregulation of its metabolism may contribute to vascular remodeling during the pathogenesis o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5478
更新日期:1996-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::Cytochrome c maturation in Escherichia coli requires the ccm operon, which encodes eight membrane proteins (CcmABCDEFGH). CcmE is a periplasmic heme chaperone that binds heme covalently and transfers it onto apocytochrome c in the presence of CcmF, CcmG, and CcmH. In this work we addressed the functions of the ccmABCD...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6462
更新日期:1999-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::A 38-base-pair region required for normal CYC1 mRNA 3' end formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to be necessary for the termination of transcription in vivo by examining the stability of CEN3 plasmids. CEN3 plasmids were stably maintained during vegetative growth, unless a GAL1 transcript impinged on the CE...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.21.8348
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antigenic markers associated with the major internal protein of RNA tumor viruses of the C-type have proven extremely useful in natural history studies of these viruses. This protein possesses species-specific antigenic determinants, and, in the case of mammalian C-type viruses, the protein possesses crossreactive det...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.4.1021
更新日期:1972-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reactivities of N-iodosuccinimide and iodine with various goitrogenic compounds were studied with dimethylsulfoxide through which nitrogen had been bubbled as a solvent. Although iodine does not react with all of the compounds, N-iodosuccinimide does react with all of them. N-Iodosuccinimide may, therefore, serve ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1401
更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are central components of signal transduction pathways for cell proliferation, stress responses, and differentiation. Signaling efficiency and specificity are modulated in large part by docking interactions between individual MAP kinase and the kinase interaction motif (KIM), (R...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0510506103
更新日期:2006-04-04 00:00:00
abstract::Significant attention has focused on the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, recent advances have identified triglyceride-rich lipoproteins [e.g., very LDL (VLDL)] as independent risk predictors for this disease. We have previously demonstrated peroxisome proliferator...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0510815103
更新日期:2006-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are closely related transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members, but their biological functions are quite distinct. While MSTN has been widely shown to inhibit muscle growth, GDF11 regulates skeletal patterning and organ development during embry...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1916034117
更新日期:2020-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::We have developed a low stringency polymerase chain reaction (LSPCR) to isolate the unknown neighboring region around a known DNA sequence, thus allowing efficient targeted gene walking. The method involves the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a single primer under conditions of low stringency for primer annealing...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.8.2975
更新日期:1994-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro studies have demonstrated that glia can express functional receptors for a variety of neurotransmitters. To determine whether similar neurotransmitter receptors are also expressed by glia in vivo, we examined the glial scar in the transected optic nerve of the albino rabbit by quantitative receptor autoradiog...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.13.5193
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunophilin FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) is associated with and modulates the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel of skeletal muscle. Ryanodine receptor has amino acid homology and functional similarity with another intracellular Ca2+ release channel, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1784
更新日期:1995-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Paraspeckles are subnuclear structures that form around nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Recently, paraspeckles were shown to be functional nuclear bodies involved in stress responses and the development of specific organs. Paraspeckle formation is initiated by transcripti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1423819112
更新日期:2015-04-07 00:00:00
abstract::We discuss the relationship among certain generalizations of results of Hida, Ribet, and Wiles on congruences between modular forms. Hida's result accounts for congruences in terms of the value of an L-function, and Ribet's result is related to the behavior of the period that appears there. Wiles' theory leads to a cl...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.21.11143
更新日期:1997-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::A tremendous amount of radioactivity was discharged because of the damage to cooling systems of nuclear reactors in the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant in March 2011. Fukushima and its adjacent prefectures were contaminated with fission products from the accident. Here, we show a geographical distribution of radio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1111724108
更新日期:2011-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::Specific low-affinity receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM; gp130), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF; receptor alpha, CNTFR alpha) may be utilized in various combinations to generate high-affinity binding sites and signal transduction. We have tested the ability of combinations of the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1119
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A five-helix secondary structural model is proposed for eukaryotic cytoplasmic 5S rRNA. All available sequence data are consistent with this model including those from Chlorella 5S rRNA whose sequence is revised by data included here. Various architectural features of eukaryotic 5S rRNA are summarized in terms of this...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2150
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) by growing bacteria is an integral part of forming biofilm-like structures. In such dense systems, mechanical interactions among the structural components can be expected to significantly contribute to morphological properties. Here, we use a particle-based modeli...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1504948112
更新日期:2015-04-28 00:00:00
abstract::Rodless retina (gene symbol, r) was discovered in mice by Keeler 70 years ago and was first described in this journal as an autosomal recessive mutation leading to "the absence of the visual cells (rods), the external nuclear layer, and the external molecular layer" [Keeler, C. E. (1924) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10,...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9616
更新日期:1993-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Incorporation of 2-acyl spin-labeled lecithin into the phosphatidylcholine protein from bovine liver results in an immobilization of the spin-label at the methyl and the carboxyl terminal end of the acyl chain. The nitroxide group on the protein-bound lecithin molecule is not accessible to ascorbate. This suggests tha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.5.1807
更新日期:1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most teenage fears subside with age, a change that may reflect brain maturation in the service of refined fear learning. Whereas adults clearly demarcate safe situations from real dangers, attenuating fear to the former but not the latter, adolescents' immaturity in prefrontal cortex function may limit their ability t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1005494108
更新日期:2011-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::We use the inverse scattering method to determine the weak limit of solutions of the Korteweg-deVries equation as dispersion tends to zero. The limit, valid for all time, is characterized in terms of a quadratic programming problem which can be solved with the aid of function theoretic methods. For large t, the soluti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.8.3602
更新日期:1979-08-01 00:00:00