Abstract:
:The oxygen evolution reaction has an important role in many alternative-energy schemes because it supplies the protons and electrons required for converting renewable electricity into chemical fuels1-3. Electrocatalysts accelerate the reaction by facilitating the required electron transfer4, as well as the formation and rupture of chemical bonds5. This involvement in fundamentally different processes results in complex electrochemical kinetics that can be challenging to understand and control, and that typically depends exponentially on overpotential1,2,6,7. Such behaviour emerges when the applied bias drives the reaction in line with the phenomenological Butler-Volmer theory, which focuses on electron transfer8, enabling the use of Tafel analysis to gain mechanistic insight under quasi-equilibrium9-11 or steady-state assumptions12. However, the charging of catalyst surfaces under bias also affects bond formation and rupture13-15, the effect of which on the electrocatalytic rate is not accounted for by the phenomenological Tafel analysis8 and is often unknown. Here we report pulse voltammetry and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on iridium oxide to show that the applied bias does not act directly on the reaction coordinate, but affects the electrocatalytically generated current through charge accumulation in the catalyst. We find that the activation free energy decreases linearly with the amount of oxidative charge stored, and show that this relationship underlies electrocatalytic performance and can be evaluated using measurement and computation. We anticipate that these findings and our methodology will help to better understand other electrocatalytic materials and design systems with improved performance.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Nong HN,Falling LJ,Bergmann A,Klingenhof M,Tran HP,Spöri C,Mom R,Timoshenko J,Zichittella G,Knop-Gericke A,Piccinin S,Pérez-Ramírez J,Cuenya BR,Schlögl R,Strasser P,Teschner D,Jones TEdoi
10.1038/s41586-020-2908-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-01 00:00:00pages
408-413issue
7834eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
10.1038/s41586-020-2908-2journal_volume
587pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Ageing is characterized by the development of persistent pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cancer and frailty1-3. The ageing brain is also vulnerable to inflammation, as demonstrated by the high prevalence of age-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease4-6. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03160-0
更新日期:2021-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::The study of bacterial ion channels has provided fundamental insights into the structural basis of neuronal signalling; however, the native role of ion channels in bacteria has remained elusive. Here we show that ion channels conduct long-range electrical signals within bacterial biofilm communities through spatially ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature15709
更新日期:2015-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to recognize information that is incongruous with previous experience is critical for survival. Novelty signals have therefore evolved in the mammalian brain to enhance attention, perception and memory1,2. Although the importance of regions such as the ventral tegmental area3,4 and locus coeruleus5 in broa...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reinforcement learning models postulate that neurons that release dopamine encode information about action and action outcome, and provide a teaching signal to striatal spiny projection neurons in the form of dopamine release1. Dopamine is thought to guide learning via dynamic and differential modulation of protein ki...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03050-5
更新日期:2020-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature19356. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/nature24643
更新日期:2017-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::Many small proteins seem to fold by a simple process explicable by conventional chemical kinetics and transition-state theory. This assumes an instant equilibrium between reactants and a high-energy activated state. In reality, equilibration occurs on timescales dependent on the molecules involved, below which such an...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01609
更新日期:2003-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::Myosin, a major contractile protein, characteristically possesses a long coiled-coil alpha-helical tail and two heads. Each head contains both an actin binding site and an ATPase site and is formed from the NH2-terminal half of one of the two heavy chains (relative molecular mass, Mr, 200,000) and a pair of light chai...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/324078a0
更新日期:1986-11-06 00:00:00
abstract::Spin dynamics in antiferromagnets has much shorter timescales than in ferromagnets, offering attractive properties for potential applications in ultrafast devices1-3. However, spin-current generation via antiferromagnetic resonance and simultaneous electrical detection by the inverse spin Hall effect in heavy metals h...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1950-4
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::T200, a major cell-surface glycoprotein on lymphoid cells, exists in several forms with different electrophoretic mobilities. These forms have been correlated with different classes of lymphoid cell. The smaller forms, with molecular weights (MWs) of congruent to 170,000 and 180,000 are found predominantly on T cells ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/289681a0
更新日期:1981-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::To ensure cell survival, it is essential that the ubiquitous pro-apoptotic machinery is kept quiescent. As death is irreversible, cells must continually integrate developmental information with regulatory inputs to control the switch between repressing and activating apoptosis. Inappropriate activation or suppression ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01920
更新日期:2003-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in a variety of processes involving signalling, such as cell differentiation and survival, growth cessation and apoptosis of neurons. These events are mediated by NGF as a result of binding to its two cell-surface receptors, TrkA and p75. TrkA is a receptor with tyrosine kinase ac...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/43705
更新日期:1999-09-09 00:00:00
abstract::The origin of eukaryotes stands as a major conundrum in biology. Current evidence indicates that the last eukaryotic common ancestor already possessed many eukaryotic hallmarks, including a complex subcellular organization. In addition, the lack of evolutionary intermediates challenges the elucidation of the relative ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature16941
更新日期:2016-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the biochemical or functional nature of the proteins encoded by the bcl-2 gene, which undergoes chromosomal translocation in approximately 85% of follicular lymphoma, 20% of diffuse large cell lymphoma and 10% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of B cells. Translocation of bcl-2 sequences from chro...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/342195a0
更新日期:1989-11-09 00:00:00
abstract::Certain mast cell products, including the tetrapeptides Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu (Ala4) and Val-Gly-Ser-Glu (Val4) of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) and histamine, are preferentially chemotactic for eosinophils in vitro. Amino acid substitutions or modifications of the ECF-A tetrapeptides may substant...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/289071a0
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The main function of postural nervous mechanisms in different species, from mollusc to man, is to counteract the force of gravity and stabilize body orientation in space. Here we investigate the basic principles of postural control in a simple animal model, the marine mollusc Clione limacina. When swimming, C. limacin...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/30251
更新日期:1998-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::The nucleotide sequence of the RNA polymerase binding site at a promotor on fd RF DNA has been determined in comparison with the starting sequence of RNA initiated at this promoter. The RNA polymerase binding site contained the startpoint of transcription in the centre and a region with twofold symmetry in the non-tra...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/253410a0
更新日期:1975-02-06 00:00:00
abstract::There is no consensus on whether climate change has yet affected the statistics of tropical cyclones, owing to their large natural variability and the limited period of consistent observations. In addition, projections of future tropical cyclone activity are uncertain, because they often rely on coarse-resolution clim...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0673-2
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Photosystem II is the site of photosynthetic water oxidation and contains 20 subunits with a total molecular mass of 350 kDa. The structure of photosystem II has been reported at resolutions from 3.8 to 2.9 Å. These resolutions have provided much information on the arrangement of protein subunits and cofactors but are...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09913
更新日期:2011-05-05 00:00:00
abstract::The upright posture and obligatory bipedalism of modern humans are unique among living primates. The evolutionary history of this behaviour has traditionally been pursued by functional analysis of the postcranial skeleton and the preserved footprint trails of fossil hominids. Here we report a systematic attempt to rec...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/369645a0
更新日期:1994-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Runs of adenines (adenine tracts) have been implicated as the main determinant of sequence-directed DNA bending. The most widely used experimental test for bending relies on the observation that bent DNA migrates more slowly than straight DNA on a polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. It was shown recently that the poly...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/331455a0
更新日期:1988-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines rarely provide full protection from disease. Nevertheless, partially effective (imperfect) vaccines may be used to protect both individuals and whole populations. We studied the potential impact of different types of imperfect vaccines on the evolution of pathogen virulence (induced host mortality) and the co...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/414751a
更新日期:2001-12-13 00:00:00
abstract::In adult animals, sensory neurons innervating the skin are phenotypically diverse. We have now investigated whether nerve growth factor (NGF) has a physiological role in the development of this diversity. We gave antisera against NGF to rats from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to adulthood (5 weeks). We found a virtually com...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/350500a0
更新日期:1991-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Novel biochemical processes using magnetic particles have been automated to provide a robotic system to perform processes for large-scale shotgun sequencing. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/362569a0
更新日期:1993-04-08 00:00:00
abstract::A powerful way to discover key genes with causal roles in oncogenesis is to identify genomic regions that undergo frequent alteration in human cancers. Here we present high-resolution analyses of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) from 3,131 cancer specimens, belonging largely to 26 histological types. We identif...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08822
更新日期:2010-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Retinoid X receptor (RXR) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signalling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription, acting as a homodimer or as a heterodimer. Here we identify an antagonist towards RXR homodimers which also functions as an agonist when RXR is paired as a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/383450a0
更新日期:1996-10-03 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how ecological communities are organized and how they change through time is critical to predicting the effects of climate change. Recent work documenting the co-occurrence structure of modern communities found that most significant species pairs co-occur less frequently than would be expected by chance....
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature16447
更新日期:2016-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::We report here the identification of human cell-surface glycoprotein with unusual and interesting properties. We initially detected this glycoprotein on the surface of cultured human haematopoietic cell lines by means of a monoclonal antibody. Although it is expressed on all cultured human haematopoietic cell lines te...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/286888a0
更新日期:1980-08-28 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07853-5
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A long-standing hypothesis posits that natural selection can favour two female strategies when density cycles. At low density, females producing many smaller progeny are favoured when the intrinsic rate of increase, r, governs population growth. At peak density, females producing fewer, high-quality, progeny are favou...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35023149
更新日期:2000-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::Most patients with cancer either do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade or develop resistance to it, often because of acquired mutations that impair antigen presentation. Here we show that loss of function of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 in tumour cells profoundly sensitizes tumours to immunotherapy and overcome...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0768-9
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00