Abstract:
:Non-classical crystallisation (NCC) pathways are widely accepted, however there is conflicting evidence regarding the intermediate stages of crystallisation, how they manifest and further develop into crystals. Evidence from direct observations is especially lacking for small organic molecules, as distinguishing these low-electron dense entities from their similar liquid-phase surroundings presents signal-to-noise ratio and contrast challenges. Here, Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy (LPEM) captures the intermediate pre-crystalline stages of a small organic molecule, flufenamic acid (FFA), a common pharmaceutical. High temporospatial imaging of FFA in its native environment, an organic solvent, suggests that in this system a Pre-Nucleation Cluster (PNC) pathway is followed by features exhibiting two-step nucleation. This work adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests nucleation pathways are likely an amalgamation of multiple existing non-classical theories and highlights the need for the direct evidence presented by in situ techniques such as LPEM.
journal_name
Sci Repjournal_title
Scientific reportsauthors
Cookman J,Hamilton V,Hall SR,Bangert Udoi
10.1038/s41598-020-75937-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-05 00:00:00pages
19156issue
1issn
2045-2322pii
10.1038/s41598-020-75937-2journal_volume
10pub_type
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