Abstract:
:Eurycoma (E.) longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) is a widely applied medicine that has been reported to boost serum testosterone and increase muscle mass. However, its actual biological targets and effects on an in vitro level remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a standardised E. longifolia extract (F2) on the growth and its associated gene expression profile in mouse Leydig cells. F2, even at lower doses, was found to induce a high level of testosterone by ELISA. The level was as high as the levels induced by eurycomanone and formestane in Leydig cells. However, Leydig cells treated with F2 demonstrated reduced viability, which was likely due to the diminished cell population at the G0/G1 phase and increased cell population arrested at the S phase in the cell cycle, as assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell viability was revived when the treatment time‑point was prolonged to 96 h. Genome‑wide gene analysis by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR of F2‑treated Leydig cells at 72 h, when the cell growth was not revived, and 96 h, when the cell growth had started to revive, revealed cyclin‑dependent kinase‑like 2 (CDKL2) to be a potential target in regulating the viability of F2‑treated Leydig cells. Functional analysis, as analysed using GeneMANIA Cytoscape program v.3.6.0 (https://genemania.org/), further suggested that CDKL2 could act in concert with Casitas B‑lineage lymphoma and sphingosine kinase 1 interactor‑A‑kinase anchoring protein domain‑containing genes to regulate the viability of F2‑treated Leydig cells. The findings of the present study provide new insights regarding the potential molecular targets associated with the biological effect of E. longifolia extract on cell growth, particularly on the cell cycle, which could aid in enhancing the bioefficacy and reducing the toxicity of this natural product in the future.
journal_name
Mol Med Repjournal_title
Molecular medicine reportsauthors
Khurshid Ahmed NA,Lim SK,Pandian GN,Sugiyama H,Lee CY,Khoo BY,Chan KLdoi
10.3892/mmr.2020.11485subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-01 00:00:00pages
3645-3658issue
5eissn
1791-2997issn
1791-3004journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Interleukin (IL)-33, is a novel member of the IL-1 superfamily, and act as a dual-function molecule as a nuclear factor and cytokine. The expression of IL-33 can be detected in several tissues and cells in humans and in mice. In addition to the conventional secretion approach for cytokines, full-length IL-33 can also ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4516
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Isoflurane is a commonly used inhaled anesthetic, which induces apoptosis of SH‑SY5Y cells in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The authors of the present study hypothesized that a mutation in β‑amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is a gene associated with familia...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5930
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis and necroptosis occur in renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) death in acute kidney injury (AKI), and may be regulated by several methods. The present study identified a protective effect of necrostatin‑1 (Nec‑1) on RTECs via a flow-control-like effect. The results established a hypoxic‑ischemic injury model...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6556
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms in T‑box (TBX)5 are associated with increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (AF), and a recent study has causally linked a TBX5 mutation to atypical Holt-Oram syndrome and paroxysmal AF. However, the prevalence and ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5043
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::As demonstrated in previous studies, the phosphorylated form of 4E‑binding protein 1 (p‑4E‑BP1) may be a suitable tumor biomarker. The aim of the current study was to examine the expression status of p‑4E‑BP1 in colorectal cancer (CRC), in order to determine its clinical significance. The present study enrolled 89 pat...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6352
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thymidylate synthase, as a rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis, catalyses the conversion of dUMP into dTMP using 5,10-methylenotetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor. Two polymorphisms have been described in this gene: a repeat polymorphism in the 5' promoter enhancer region (3R versus 2R) and a 6 bp deletion in the 3' ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr_00000023
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disease. Mutations in COL3A1 have been identified to underlie this disease; however, to the best of our knowledge, no COL3A1 mutations have been reported in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV patients with an ascending aortic aneurysm. In order to d...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3488
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent, which effectively inhibits proliferation of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via mitochondria‑mediated apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered the most important cause of cell apoptosis; therefore, the present study aimed to det...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.6016
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) belongs to the COP‑de-etiolated (DET)‑fusca (FUS) protein family and has been demonstrated to suppress prostate adenocarcinomas and other types of tumor, such as liver and gastric cancer. The present study investigated the expression of COP1 and its downstream factor, ets variant...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5373
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Functional appliances correct dental malocclusion, partly by exerting an indirect mechanical stimulus on the condylar cartilage, initiating novel bone formation in the condyle. Angiopoietin is involved in the angiogenesis associated with novel bone formation. This study aimed to determine the expression of angiopoieti...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1620
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Giant cell tumor (GCT) is an aggressive type of bone tumor consisting of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. Imatinib is a selective inhibitor for certain type III tyrosine kinase receptor family members with a variety of beneficial effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine the therapeutic pot...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4722
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electroacupuncture (EA), a traditional Chinese therapeutic technique, is considered an effective method for treating certain painful neuropathies induced by various neuropathological damage. The current study investigated the effect of EA on intrathecal (IT) morphine‑induced hyperalgesia (MIH) and examined the hypothe...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10329
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used to predict the outcome of PCa and screening with PSA has resulted in a decline in mortality. However, PSA is not an optimal prognostic tool as its sensitivity may be too low to reduce morbidity and m...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2504
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is by far the most common cause of end‑stage renal disease (ESRD) in industrial countries, accounting for ~45% of all new ESRD cases in the United States. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE) are powerful antioxidants, with an antioxidant ability 50‑fold greater than that of vitamin E ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9140
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, oncolytic viruses have attracted increasing interest due to their potent antitumor effects. Luteolin, a natural product, has additionally been observed to exhibit various pharmacological antitumor activities. Previously, a novel dual‑targeting oncolytic adenovirus, complement decay‑accelerating factor...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7784
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macrophages are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. High levels of interleukin (IL)-18 are associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the association between IL-18, and high and fluctuating glu...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3753
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important in chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have highly effective anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activity in various types of cancer, while the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are not fully un...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2517
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypotheses that cytomegalovirus (CMV) may trigger idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in a susceptible host and/or that the presence of CMV may alter IPF in response to a well-defined trigger of pulmonary fibrosis. A mouse model of murine CMV (MCMV) infection was est...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5366
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and mononuclear macrophages in the pathogenic processes of experimental animals. To construct a chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, an artificially synthesized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4358
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian target of rapamycin/eukaryotic translation inititiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (mTOR/4E-BP1) transduction pathway is activated in a range of malignant cancers, but its role in human gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) has not been well defined. The present study used western blotting and reverse tr...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2012.1208
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transgelin 2 (TAGLN2) is a cytoskeletal protein of the calponin family. Abnormal expression of TAGLN2 was observed in various types of cancer. Our previous study reported that TAGLN2 expression was reduced in lymph node‑positive breast cancer patients; however, the role of TAGLN2 in breast cancer metastasis remains un...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10643
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is one of the most deadly malignancies. The disease has a low five-year survival rate; therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic agents is required. This study aimed to investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α (HIF‑1α) on the growth...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.1910
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brain metabolism is closely associated with neuronal activity and enables the accurate synthesis and function of neurotransmitters. Although previous studies have demonstrated that chronic stress is associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative stress and the disruption ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.9865
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common clinicopathological condition. Currently, the pathogenesis of NASH remains unknown, and no optimal therapy option currently exists. It has previously been demonstrated that diallyl disulfide (DADS) was capable of attenuating liver dysfunction, as DADS supplementation ha...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10316
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, the most promising approach to reverse myocardial attrition, has been gaining importance as a therapy for cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia and macrophages were previously independently reported to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation in mice. However, whether hypoxia promotes ca...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6432
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to investigate the two members of the EF‑hand Ca2+ binding protein S100 family, S100A8 and S100A9, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), serum samples were collected from patients with RCC, transitional cell carcinoma in the kidney, benign renal masses and normal controls. The samples were analyzed by isobaric tags ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3321
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Korean bamboo salt (BS) is known to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of diseases, including viral disease, dental plaque, diabetes, circulatory organ disorders, cancer and inflammatory disorders. However, the effect of BS on immune functions remains to be elucidated. The present study was designed to determin...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5407
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Curcumin, which is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine, has previously been demonstrated to exhibit an anti‑atherosclerotic effect, which is closely associated with an increase in cholesterol efflux. However, it is unclear as to whether the increased effect is mediated by heme oxygenase (HO)‑1. Macrophages ...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8577
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Artesunate is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is used in the treatment of patients with malaria. Artesunate has also been reported to exert immune‑regulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, anti‑inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxing functions. The present study aimed to investigate the putative protect...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8666
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered to have pivotal roles in regulating the drug resistance of various types of human cancer, including cisplatin (DDP) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fewer studies have explored the roles of miR-106a in NSCLC-cell resistance to DDP and its precise molecular mecha...
journal_title:Molecular medicine reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2688
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00