Abstract:
:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. Because insulin release and activity are essential processes for glucose homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of insulin, as well as in its detection are tightly regulated. Defects in any of the mechanisms involved in these processes can lead to a metabolic imbalance responsible for the development of the disease. This review analyzes the key aspects of T2DM, as well as the molecular mechanisms and pathways implicated in insulin metabolism leading to T2DM and insulin resistance. For that purpose, we summarize the data gathered up until now, focusing especially on insulin synthesis, insulin release, insulin sensing and on the downstream effects on individual insulin-sensitive organs. The review also covers the pathological conditions perpetuating T2DM such as nutritional factors, physical activity, gut dysbiosis and metabolic memory. Additionally, because T2DM is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis development, we review here some of the molecular mechanisms that link T2DM and insulin resistance (IR) as well as cardiovascular risk as one of the most important complications in T2DM.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Galicia-Garcia U,Benito-Vicente A,Jebari S,Larrea-Sebal A,Siddiqi H,Uribe KB,Ostolaza H,Martín Cdoi
10.3390/ijms21176275subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-08-30 00:00:00issue
17issn
1422-0067pii
ijms21176275journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are novel A20/AN1 zinc finger domain-containing proteins that are now favorable targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, the SAP gene family and their biological functions have not been identified in the important fruit crop apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). We ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19092478
更新日期:2018-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Cortisol is a steroid hormone essential to the maintenance of homeostasis that is released in response to stress and low blood glucose concentration. Cortisol is converted from cortisone by 11βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1). It has been reported that too much cortisol or overexpression of HSD11B1 induce...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18122625
更新日期:2017-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::Enzymes containing flavin cofactors are predominantly involved in redox reactions in numerous cellular processes where the protein environment modulates the chemical reactivity of the flavin to either transfer one or two electrons. Some flavoenzymes catalyze reactions with no net redox change. In these reactions, the ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms131114219
更新日期:2012-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer is known for its cellular changes contributing to tumour growth and cell proliferation. As part of these changes, metabolic rearrangements are identified in several cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM), which is a condition whereby malignant plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow (BM). These metabolic c...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms19041200
更新日期:2018-04-14 00:00:00
abstract::Platelets (PLT) are the second most abundant cell type in human blood and exert various immune-regulatory functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. In fact, immune cell regulation via platelets has been demonstrated in several studies within the past decade. However, the exact mechanisms behind T...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21207507
更新日期:2020-10-12 00:00:00
abstract::Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) enzyme is an anti-cancer target given its role in DNA biosynthesis. TYMS inhibitors (e.g., 5-Fluorouracil) can lead to drug resistance through an autoregulatory mechanism of TYMS that causes its overexpression. Since G-quadruplexes (G4) can modulate gene expression, we searched for putative...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21145028
更新日期:2020-07-16 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many important processes, including the growth, development, and responses to the environments, in rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae. Although ROS are known to be critical components in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions, their regulations and pathways have not yet been ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20051191
更新日期:2019-03-08 00:00:00
abstract::Genomic DNA is constantly damaged by factors produced during natural metabolic processes as well as agents coming from the external environment. Considering such a wide array of damaging agents, eukaryotic cells have evolved a DNA damage response (DRR) that opposes the influence of deleterious factors. Despite the bro...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21113934
更新日期:2020-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The neuropathological features of PD are selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, deficiencies in striatal dopamine levels, and the presence of intracellular Lewy bodies. Interactions am...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21197182
更新日期:2020-09-29 00:00:00
abstract::SAASoti is a unique fluorescent protein (FP) that combines properties of green-to-red photoconversion and reversible photoswitching (in its green state), without any amino acid substitutions in the wild type gene. In the present work, we investigated its ability to photoswitch between fluorescent red ('on') and dark (...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20143399
更新日期:2019-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::Legume root nodules develop as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in soil. Auxin activity is detected in different cell types at different stages of nodule development; as well as an enhanced sensitivity to auxin inhibits, which could affect nodule development....
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18122547
更新日期:2017-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::Colorectal cancer is a major healthcare concern worldwide. Many experimental and clinical studies have been conducted to date to discover agents that help in the prevention of this disease. Chronic inflammation in colonic mucosa and obesity, and its related metabolic abnormalities, are considered to increase the risk ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms18050908
更新日期:2017-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammation is associated with the development of insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, mouse FL83B cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to induce insulin resistance, and then co-incubated with a fraction from wax apple fruit extract (FWFE). This fraction signifi...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms13078562
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cementum is a mineralized layer on the tooth's root surface and facilitates the biomechanical anchoring of fibrous connective tissues as a part of tooth-supportive complexes. Previously, we observed that OCCM30 cementoblasts cultured on fibrin matrices underwent apoptosis due to fibrin degradation through the expressi...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18112380
更新日期:2017-11-09 00:00:00
abstract::A multifunctional transgenic Lactobacillus with probiotic characteristics and an ability to degrade β-glucan and phytic acid (phytate) was engineered to improve nutrient utilization, increase production performance and decrease digestive diseases in broiler chickens. The Bacillus subtilis WL001 endoglucanase gene (cel...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms150712842
更新日期:2014-07-21 00:00:00
abstract::Agonistic antibodies, which bind specifically to death receptor 5 (DR5), can trigger apoptosis in tumor cells through the extrinsic pathway. In this present study, we describe the use of a phage display to isolate a novel fully human agonistic single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody, which targets DR5. After fi...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18102064
更新日期:2017-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrate (NO3-) and auxin are key regulators of root growth and development, modulating the signalling cascades in auxin-induced lateral root formation. Auxin biosynthesis, transport, and transduction are significantly altered by nitrate. A decrease in nitrate (NO3-) supply tends to promote auxin translocation from sho...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21082880
更新日期:2020-04-20 00:00:00
abstract::The ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 has been extensively investigated over the last 30 years. The knowledge about the exact molecular nature of this protein, however, remains fragmented. This review provides an overview of the structural research regarding CA125, and presents an orthogonal verification method to confir...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms130810568
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multifactorial metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are a major burden to modern societies, and frequently present with no clearly defined molecular biomarkers. Herein we used system medicine approaches to decipher signatures of liver fibrosis in mouse models with malfunction in genes from un...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms22020832
更新日期:2021-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Metformin has demonstrated substantial potential for use in cancer treatments. Liver kinase B (LKB)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mTOR are reported to be the main targets of metformin in relation to its ability to prevent cancer cell proliferation. However, the role of metformin in the control of neoplastic ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms22010178
更新日期:2020-12-26 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative damages induced by a redox imbalance cause age-related changes in cells and tissues. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes play a major role in the antioxidant system and they also catalyze superoxide radicals (O2·-). Since the loss of cytoplasmic SOD (SOD1) resulted in aging-like phenotypes in several types of...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms140610998
更新日期:2013-05-24 00:00:00
abstract::The development of stimulus-responsive photosensitizer delivery systems that carry a high payload of photosensitizers is of great importance in photodynamic therapy. In this study, redox-responsive polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles (PSilQNPs) built by a reverse microemulsion approach using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(carboxyph...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17010056
更新日期:2015-12-31 00:00:00
abstract::Leaf senescence is an important agronomic trait that affects both crop yield and quality. In this study, we characterized a premature leaf senescence mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) obtained by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, named m68. Genetic analysis showed that the leaf senescence phenotype of m68...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19030782
更新日期:2018-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, metal nanoparticles less than 100 nm in diameter have made a substantial impact across diverse biomedical applications, such as diagnostic and medical devices, for personalized healthcare practice. In particular, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have great potential in a broad range of applicati...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20040865
更新日期:2019-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::SwissDrugDesign is an important initiative led by the Molecular Modeling Group of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. This project provides a collection of freely available online tools for computer-aided drug design. Some of these web-based methods, i.e., SwissSimilarity and SwissTargetPrediction, were especia...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20184612
更新日期:2019-09-18 00:00:00
abstract::Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children and adults is associated with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. As serum creatinine- and urine output-based definitions of AKI have relevant limitations, there is a persistent need for better diagnostics of AKI. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NM...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21041187
更新日期:2020-02-11 00:00:00
abstract::Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in periodontal tissue destruction. Hemagglutinin B (HagB) from the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis induces an elevated MMP response in dendritic cells, but responses from cultures of single-cell types do not reflect the local tissue environment. The o...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19123923
更新日期:2018-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::Nanoencapsulation of thiamine dilauryl sulfate (TDS), a vitamin B1 derivative, was proved to effectively inhibit the spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (F. oxysporum), as well as mycelial growth. The average diameter of nanoparticles was measured as 136 nm by being encapsulated with an edible encap...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms14024283
更新日期:2013-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::Henrin A (1), a new ent-kaurane diterpene, was isolated from the leaves of Pteris henryi. The chemical structure was elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra, and was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound was evalu...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms161126071
更新日期:2015-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of numerous progressive kidney diseases, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has an important role in tissue fibrosis by up-regulating matrix protein synthesis, inhibiting matrix degradation, and altering cell-cell interaction. Many strategies targeting TGF-β, including ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms19092532
更新日期:2018-08-27 00:00:00