Retinal astrocytes are immigrants from the optic nerve.

abstract：:Specific genes can be inactivated or mutated in the mouse germ line. The phenotypic consequences of the mutation can provide pivotal information on the function of the gene in development and maintenance of the mammalian organism. The procedure entails homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, which, on fusion...

journal_title：Nature

authors： te Riele H,Maandag ER,Clarke A,Hooper M,Berns A

更新日期：1990-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroectoderm cells in the cortical ventricular zone generate many diverse cell types, maintain the ventricular zone during embryonic life and create another germinal layer, the subventricular zone, which persists into adulthood. In other vertebrate tissues, including skin, intestine, blood and neural crest, stem cell...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Davis AA,Temple S

更新日期：1994-11-17 00:00:00

abstract：:CD95 (also called Fas and APO-1) is a prototypical death receptor that regulates tissue homeostasis mainly in the immune system through the induction of apoptosis. During cancer progression CD95 is frequently downregulated or cells are rendered apoptosis resistant, raising the possibility that loss of CD95 is part of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chen L,Park SM,Tumanov AV,Hau A,Sawada K,Feig C,Turner JR,Fu YX,Romero IL,Lengyel E,Peter ME

更新日期：2010-05-27 00:00:00

abstract：:In this Letter, owing to a copying error in Illustrator, the two centre panels in Extended Data Fig. 7a were identical. This error has been corrected online. The old, incorrect Extended Data Fig. 7 is shown in the Supplementary Information to this Amendment for transparency. Some typos ('occurence') in Figs. 1, 2 and ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Andersen TG,Naseer S,Ursache R,Wybouw B,Smet W,De Rybel B,Vermeer JEM,Geldner N

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are more frequent in the genomes of bacteria and viruses than of vertebrates. We report here that bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides induce murine B cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in vitro and in vivo. This activat...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Krieg AM,Yi AK,Matson S,Waldschmidt TJ,Bishop GA,Teasdale R,Koretzky GA,Klinman DM

更新日期：1995-04-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Enveloped viruses have evolved complex glycoprotein machinery that drives the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, permitting entry of the viral genome into the cell. For the paramyxoviruses, the fusion (F) protein catalyses this membrane merger and entry step, and it has been postulated that the F protein undergoe...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yin HS,Wen X,Paterson RG,Lamb RA,Jardetzky TS

更新日期：2006-01-05 00:00:00

abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hsiang S,Allen D,Annan-Phan S,Bell K,Bolliger I,Chong T,Druckenmiller H,Huang LY,Hultgren A,Krasovich E,Lau P,Lee J,Rolf E,Tseng J,Wu T

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular self-assembly offers a 'bottom-up' route to fabrication with subnanometre precision of complex structures from simple components. DNA has proved to be a versatile building block for programmable construction of such objects, including two-dimensional crystals, nanotubes, and three-dimensional wireframe nanop...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Douglas SM,Dietz H,Liedl T,Högberg B,Graf F,Shih WM

更新日期：2009-05-21 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an increasing interest in the use of immobilized cells for the production of pharmaceuticals as well as for products such as high fructose syrup or ethanol. Some of these compounds are now produced on an industrial scale whereby the cells are used in a resting or growing state or in a nonviable form as ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mosbach K,Birnbaum S,Hardy K,Davies J,Bülow L

更新日期：1983-04-07 00:00:00

abstract：:A major problem in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing development is the distinction between direct and indirect regulatory interactions among developmental control genes. In vivo studies have indicated that the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) directly or indirectly autoregulates its...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schier AF,Gehring WJ

更新日期：1992-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the main unanswered questions in solar physics is why the Sun's outer atmosphere is hotter than its surface. Theory predicts abundant production of high-frequency (10-50 mHz) acoustic waves in subsurface layers of the Sun, and such waves are believed by many to constitute the dominant heating mechanism of the c...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fossum A,Carlsson M

更新日期：2005-06-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can accelerate opening of the eyelids, the EGF receptor (EGF-R) has been extensively studied and is now considered to be a prototype tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of EGF or of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) or other related factors activates the ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Miettinen PJ,Berger JE,Meneses J,Phung Y,Pedersen RA,Werb Z,Derynck R

更新日期：1995-07-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotide reductase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, is formed by the association of two nonidentical subunits in almost all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The same model probably holds for the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-encoded ribonucleotide reductase; two polypeptides of relat...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cohen EA,Gaudreau P,Brazeau P,Langelier Y

更新日期：1986-05-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular-scale manipulation of electronic and ionic charge accumulation in materials is the backbone of electrochemical energy storage1-4. Layered van der Waals (vdW) crystals are a diverse family of materials into which mobile ions can electrochemically intercalate into the interlamellar gaps of the host atomic latt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bediako DK,Rezaee M,Yoo H,Larson DT,Zhao SYF,Taniguchi T,Watanabe K,Brower-Thomas TL,Kaxiras E,Kim P

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pairs of asteroids sharing similar heliocentric orbits, but not bound together, were found recently. Backward integrations of their orbits indicated that they separated gently with low relative velocities, but did not provide additional insight into their formation mechanism. A previously hypothesized rotational fissi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pravec P,Vokrouhlický D,Polishook D,Scheeres DJ,Harris AW,Galád A,Vaduvescu O,Pozo F,Barr A,Longa P,Vachier F,Colas F,Pray DP,Pollock J,Reichart D,Ivarsen K,Haislip J,Lacluyze A,Kusnirák P,Henych T,Marchis F,Mac

更新日期：2010-08-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The cloning and characterization of 'clock gene' families has advanced our understanding of the molecular control of the mammalian circadian clock. We have analysed the human genome for additional relatives, and identified new candidate genes that may expand our knowledge of the molecular workings of the circadian clo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Clayton JD,Kyriacou CP,Reppert SM

更新日期：2001-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Although infection by HIV-1 has been implicated as the primary cause of AIDS and related disorders, cofactorial mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. For example, several viruses commonly detected in AIDS patients and capable of transactivating the long terminal repeat of HIV-1, such as herpes...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,Ablashi DV,Salahuddin SZ,Tschachler E,Wong-Staal F,Gallo RC

更新日期：1989-01-26 00:00:00

abstract：: ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ainsworth C

更新日期：2017-11-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyses the very rapid two-step dismutation of the toxic superoxide radical (O-2) to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide through the alternate reduction and oxidation of the active-site copper. We report here that after refitting and further refinement of the previous 2 A s...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tainer JA,Getzoff ED,Richardson JS,Richardson DC

更新日期：1983-11-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Variations in atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) concentrations can be attributed either to changes in the carbon cycle--through the rate of radiocarbon removal from the atmosphere--or to variations in the production rate of 14C due to changes in solar activity or the Earth's magnetic field. The production rates of 10Be an...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Muscheler R,Beer J,Wagner G,Finkel RC

更新日期：2000-11-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The clinical course of autoimmune and infectious disease varies greatly, even between individuals with the same condition. An understanding of the molecular basis for this heterogeneity could lead to significant improvements in both monitoring and treatment. During chronic infection the process of T-cell exhaustion in...

journal_title：Nature

authors： McKinney EF,Lee JC,Jayne DR,Lyons PA,Smith KG

更新日期：2015-07-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is initiated by the binding of its extracellular envelope glycoprotein, gp120, to the CD4 antigen on target cells. To map the residues of the HIV-1 glycoprotein that are critical for binding and to analyse the effects of binding on viral infectivity, we created 15 mu...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cordonnier A,Montagnier L,Emerman M

更新日期：1989-08-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Broad and deep tumour genome sequencing has shed new light on tumour heterogeneity and provided important insights into the evolution of metastases arising from different clones. There is an additional layer of complexity, in that tumour evolution may be influenced by selective pressure provided by therapy, in a simil...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Juric D,Castel P,Griffith M,Griffith OL,Won HH,Ellis H,Ebbesen SH,Ainscough BJ,Ramu A,Iyer G,Shah RH,Huynh T,Mino-Kenudson M,Sgroi D,Isakoff S,Thabet A,Elamine L,Solit DB,Lowe SW,Quadt C,Peters M,Derti A,Scheg

更新日期：2015-02-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The heavy (H) and light (L) chains of antibodies consist of variable (V) and constant (C) regions. The V regions of the heavy and light chains form the antibody combining site. To determine whether a V region could be functional when joined to a polypeptide other than its own C region, we constructed a chimaeric gene ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sharon J,Gefter ML,Manser T,Morrison SL,Oi VT,Ptashne M

更新日期：1984-05-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Danovaro R,Dell'Anno A,Corinaldesi C,Magagnini M,Noble R,Tamburini C,Weinbauer M

更新日期：2008-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：:There is compelling evidence that sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of new memories. This function of sleep has been linked to slow (<1 Hz) potential oscillations, which predominantly arise from the prefrontal neocortex and characterize slow wave sleep. However, oscillations in brain potentials are comm...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Marshall L,Helgadóttir H,Mölle M,Born J

更新日期：2006-11-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The emergence and outgrowth of a population of tumour cells resistant to multiple drugs is a major problem in the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. We have used highly drug-resistant cell lines developed in vitro to study the molecular basis of multidrug resistance. In these cell lines high levels of resistance ar...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gros P,Ben Neriah YB,Croop JM,Housman DE

更新日期：1986-10-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Statistical dependencies in the responses of sensory neurons govern both the amount of stimulus information conveyed and the means by which downstream neurons can extract it. Although a variety of measurements indicate the existence of such dependencies, their origin and importance for neural coding are poorly underst...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pillow JW,Shlens J,Paninski L,Sher A,Litke AM,Chichilnisky EJ,Simoncelli EP

更新日期：2008-08-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Stereopsis is the perception of depth based on small positional differences between images formed on the two retinae (known as binocular disparity). Neurons that respond selectively to binocular disparity were first described three decades ago, and have since been observed in many visual areas of the primate brain, in...

journal_title：Nature

authors： DeAngelis GC,Cumming BG,Newsome WT

更新日期：1998-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Growing concern about how loss of biodiversity will affect ecosystems has stimulated numerous studies. Although most studies have assumed that species go extinct randomly, species often go extinct in order of their sensitivity to a stress that intensifies through time (such as climate change). Here we show that the co...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ives AR,Cardinale BJ

更新日期：2004-05-13 00:00:00