Evidence for habitual climbing in a Pleistocene hominin in South Africa.

Abstract:

:Bipedalism is a defining trait of the hominin lineage, associated with a transition from a more arboreal to a more terrestrial environment. While there is debate about when modern human-like bipedalism first appeared in hominins, all known South African hominins show morphological adaptations to bipedalism, suggesting that this was their predominant mode of locomotion. Here we present evidence that hominins preserved in the Sterkfontein Caves practiced two different locomotor repertoires. The trabecular structure of a proximal femur (StW 522) attributed to Australopithecus africanus exhibits a modern human-like bipedal locomotor pattern, while that of a geologically younger specimen (StW 311) attributed to either Homo sp. or Paranthropus robustus exhibits a pattern more similar to nonhuman apes, potentially suggesting regular bouts of both climbing and terrestrial bipedalism. Our results demonstrate distinct morphological differences, linked to behavioral differences between Australopithecus and later hominins in South Africa and contribute to the increasing evidence of locomotor diversity within the hominin clade.

authors

Georgiou L,Dunmore CJ,Bardo A,Buck LT,Hublin JJ,Pahr DH,Stratford D,Synek A,Kivell TL,Skinner MM

doi

10.1073/pnas.1914481117

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-04-14 00:00:00

pages

8416-8423

issue

15

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

pii

1914481117

journal_volume

117

pub_type

历史文章,杂志文章
  • Separation of circadian- and behavior-driven metabolite rhythms in humans provides a window on peripheral oscillators and metabolism.

    abstract::Misalignment between internal circadian rhythmicity and externally imposed behavioral schedules, such as occurs in shift workers, has been implicated in elevated risk of metabolic disorders. To determine underlying mechanisms, it is essential to assess whether and how peripheral clocks are disturbed during shift work ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1801183115

    authors: Skene DJ,Skornyakov E,Chowdhury NR,Gajula RP,Middleton B,Satterfield BC,Porter KI,Van Dongen HPA,Gaddameedhi S

    更新日期:2018-07-24 00:00:00

  • Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States.

    abstract::The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5 million g...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1617394114

    authors: Balch JK,Bradley BA,Abatzoglou JT,Nagy RC,Fusco EJ,Mahood AL

    更新日期:2017-03-14 00:00:00

  • Anomalous high-pressure behavior of amorphous selenium from synchrotron x-ray diffraction and microtomography.

    abstract::The high-pressure behavior of amorphous selenium has been investigated with time-resolved diamond anvil cell synchrotron x-ray diffraction and computed microtomography techniques. A two-step dynamic crystallization process is observed in which the monoclinic phase crystallized from the amorphous selenium and gradually...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0806857105

    authors: Liu H,Wang L,Xiao X,De Carlo F,Feng J,Mao HK,Hemley RJ

    更新日期:2008-09-09 00:00:00

  • Deficiency of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

    abstract::Deficiency of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) in mice results in a reduction in cholesterol ester synthesis in the small intestine and liver, which in turn limits intestinal cholesterol absorption, hepatic cholesterol gallstone formation, and the accumulation of cholesterol esters in the plasma lipoprot...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0336398100

    authors: Willner EL,Tow B,Buhman KK,Wilson M,Sanan DA,Rudel LL,Farese RV Jr

    更新日期:2003-02-04 00:00:00

  • Differential ability of T cell subsets to undergo activation-induced cell death.

    abstract::Human T cell clones were analyzed for their susceptibility to activation-induced cell death (AICD) in response to CD3/T cell receptor ligation. AICD was observed only in Th1 clones and was Fas-mediated, whereas Th2 clones resisted AICD. Analysis of a panel of Th0 clones, characterized by their ability to secrete both ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5778

    authors: Varadhachary AS,Perdow SN,Hu C,Ramanarayanan M,Salgame P

    更新日期:1997-05-27 00:00:00

  • Buffer gradient gels and 35S label as an aid to rapid DNA sequence determination.

    abstract::Two methods for increasing the length of DNA sequence data that can be read off a polyacrylamide gel are described. We have developed a rapid way to pour a buffer concentration gradient gel that, by altering the vertical band separation on an autoradiograph, allows more sequence to be obtained from a gel. We also show...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.80.13.3963

    authors: Biggin MD,Gibson TJ,Hong GF

    更新日期:1983-07-01 00:00:00

  • Indirubin derivatives inhibit Stat3 signaling and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells.

    abstract::Stat3 protein has an important role in oncogenesis and is a promising anticancer target. Indirubin, the active component of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been shown previously to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Here, we show that the indirubin derivatives E564, E728, and ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0409467102

    authors: Nam S,Buettner R,Turkson J,Kim D,Cheng JQ,Muehlbeyer S,Hippe F,Vatter S,Merz KH,Eisenbrand G,Jove R

    更新日期:2005-04-26 00:00:00

  • Non-heme iron protein: a potential target of nitric oxide in acute cardiac allograft rejection.

    abstract::We examined iron nitrosylation of non-heme protein and enzymatic activity of the Fe-S cluster protein, aconitase, in acute cardiac allograft rejection. Heterotopic transplantation of donor hearts was performed in histocompatibility matched (isografts: Lewis --> Lewis) and mismatched (allografts: Wistar-Furth --> Lewis...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0636938100

    authors: Pieper GM,Halligan NL,Hilton G,Konorev EA,Felix CC,Roza AM,Adams MB,Griffith OW

    更新日期:2003-03-18 00:00:00

  • Suppressor of Fused represses Gli-mediated transcription by recruiting the SAP18-mSin3 corepressor complex.

    abstract::The Suppressor of Fused [Su(fu)] protein plays a conserved role in the regulation of Gli transcription factors of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that controls cell fate and tissue patterning during development. In both Drosophila and mammals, Su(fu) represses Gli-mediated transcription, but the mode of its action...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.082096999

    authors: Cheng SY,Bishop JM

    更新日期:2002-04-16 00:00:00

  • Meiosis in Phycomyces.

    abstract::A four-factor cross between two strains of Phycomyces involving two auxotrophic, one color, and the mating type marker is described. Samples of 40 germspores from 84 individual fertile germsporangia were characterized. The results show: (i) The germspores of a germsporangium are derived from one meiosis in approximate...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.4076

    authors: Eslava AP,Alvarez MI,Delbrück M

    更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00

  • Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots.

    abstract::Nutrition recommendations worldwide emphasize ingestion of plant-based diets rather than diets that rely primarily on animal products. However, this plant-based diet could limit the intake of essential nutrients such as calcium. Osteoporosis is one of the world's most prevalent nutritional disorders, and inadequate di...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0709005105

    authors: Morris J,Hawthorne KM,Hotze T,Abrams SA,Hirschi KD

    更新日期:2008-02-05 00:00:00

  • Neuron densities vary across and within cortical areas in primates.

    abstract::The numbers and proportion of neurons in areas and regions of cortex were determined for a single cortical hemisphere from two prosimian galagos, one New World owl monkey, one Old World macaque monkey, and one baboon. The results suggest that there is a common plan of cortical organization across the species examined ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1010356107

    authors: Collins CE,Airey DC,Young NA,Leitch DB,Kaas JH

    更新日期:2010-09-07 00:00:00

  • Generation of "bastard" molecular ions from van der Waals clusters: Ar(n)(C(2)Cl(4))(m) ions, suspected interlopers in collection of solar neutrinos.

    abstract::Gaseous molecular ions containing argon and perchlorethylene, Ar(n)(C(2)Cl(4))(m) (+) in which n >/= 1-29 and m >/= 1-4, are produced by electron bombardment of van der Waals clusters formed by expanding an Ar/C(2)Cl(4) mixture through a supersonic nozzle. Previous attempts to observe such ions in a high-pressure mass...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7250

    authors: Buelow SJ,Worsnop DR,Herschbach DR

    更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00

  • Inhibition of translation and bacterial growth by peptide nucleic acid targeted to ribosomal RNA.

    abstract::Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA mimic that has shown considerable promise as a lead compound for developing gene therapeutic drugs. We report that PNAs targeted to functional and accessible sites in ribosomal RNA can inhibit translation in an Escherichia coli cell-free transcription/translation system, with 50% re...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2073

    authors: Good L,Nielsen PE

    更新日期:1998-03-03 00:00:00

  • The Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 controls phosphate deficiency responses.

    abstract::Plants sense phosphate (Pi) deficiency and initiate signaling that controls adaptive responses necessary for Pi acquisition. Herein, evidence establishes that AtSIZ1 is a plant small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase and is a focal controller of Pi starvation-dependent responses. T-DNA insertional mutated allel...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0500778102

    authors: Miura K,Rus A,Sharkhuu A,Yokoi S,Karthikeyan AS,Raghothama KG,Baek D,Koo YD,Jin JB,Bressan RA,Yun DJ,Hasegawa PM

    更新日期:2005-05-24 00:00:00

  • Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in synaptic vesicles.

    abstract::Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in purified synaptic vesicles from rat forebrain has been studied in the presence of Mn2+ and orthovanadate. High levels of endogenous protein tyrosine phosphorylation were observed. Four major phosphoproteins, with apparent molecular masses of 105, 94, 38, and 30 kDa, were shown to co...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.85.3.762

    authors: Pang DT,Wang JK,Valtorta F,Benfenati F,Greengard P

    更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00

  • Recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody Fab is effective therapeutically when introduced directly into the lungs of RSV-infected mice.

    abstract::Previously, recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody Fabs were generated by antigen selection from random combinatorial libraries displayed at the tip of filamentous phage. Two such Fabs, which exhibited high binding affinity for RSV F glycoprotein (a major protective antigen), were eval...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1386

    authors: Crowe JE Jr,Murphy BR,Chanock RM,Williamson RA,Barbas CF 3rd,Burton DR

    更新日期:1994-02-15 00:00:00

  • Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin.

    abstract::Synthetic genes for human insulin A and B chains were cloned separately in plasmid pBR322. The cloned synthetic genes were then fused to an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene to provide efficient transcription and translation and a stable precursor protein. The insulin peptides were cleaved from beta-galactosida...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.106

    authors: Goeddel DV,Kleid DG,Bolivar F,Heyneker HL,Yansura DG,Crea R,Hirose T,Kraszewski A,Itakura K,Riggs AD

    更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00

  • Covalent crosslinking of tRNA1Val to 16S RNA at the ribosomal P site: identification of crosslinked residues.

    abstract::N-Acetylvalyl-tRNA1Val (AcVal-tRNA1Val) was bound to the P site of uniformly 32P-labeled 70S ribosomes from Escherichia coli and crosslinked to 16S RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit by irradiation with light of 300-400 nm. To identify the crosslinked nucleotide in 16S RNA. AcVal-tRNA1Val-16S [32P]RNA was digested compl...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.79.18.5450

    authors: Prince JB,Taylor BH,Thurlow DL,Ofengand J,Zimmermann RA

    更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00

  • Mapping multisensory parietal face and body areas in humans.

    abstract::Detection and avoidance of impending obstacles is crucial to preventing head and body injuries in daily life. To safely avoid obstacles, locations of objects approaching the body surface are usually detected via the visual system and then used by the motor system to guide defensive movements. Mediating between visual ...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1207946109

    authors: Huang RS,Chen CF,Tran AT,Holstein KL,Sereno MI

    更新日期:2012-10-30 00:00:00

  • Urea-inducible Egr-1 transcription in renal inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation.

    abstract::Urea (200-400 milliosmolar) activates transcription, translation of, and trans-activation by the immediate-early gene transcription factor Egr-1 in a renal epithelial cell-specific fashion. The effect at the transcriptional level has been attributed to multiple serum response elements and their adjacent Ets motifs loc...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11242

    authors: Cohen DM

    更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00

  • Basal resistance enhances warming tolerance of alien over indigenous species across latitude.

    abstract::Soil systems are being increasingly exposed to the interactive effects of biological invasions and climate change, with rising temperatures expected to benefit alien over indigenous species. We assessed this expectation for an important soil-dwelling group, the springtails, by determining whether alien species show br...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1715598115

    authors: Janion-Scheepers C,Phillips L,Sgrò CM,Duffy GA,Hallas R,Chown SL

    更新日期:2018-01-02 00:00:00

  • Lateral motion of fluorescently labeled acetylcholine receptors in membranes of developing muscle fibers.

    abstract::We have made direct, quantitative measurements of the lateral motion and age-dependent distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the surface of rat myotubes in primary culture. AChR were fluorescently marked with tetramethylrhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin and AChR lateral motion was measured by the fluore...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.73.12.4594

    authors: Axelrod D,Ravdin P,Koppel DE,Schlessinger J,Webb WW,Elson EL,Podleski TR

    更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00

  • Epitopes of proteoglycans eliciting an anti-proteoglycan response in chronic immune synovitis.

    abstract::This study details the immune response to cartilage proteoglycan in experimental chronic IgG-induced immune synovitis. Antibodies reactive with purified rabbit proteoglycan monomer were observed in nine of nine rabbits with immune synovitis. IgG-immunized but nonsynovitic control animals with no pathology showed no an...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.84.3.832

    authors: Yoo JU,Kresina TF,Malemud CJ,Goldberg VM

    更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00

  • Wnt5a inhibits canonical Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cells and enhances repopulation.

    abstract::The mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decisions between proliferation and multilineage differentiation are unclear. Members of the Wnt family of ligands that activate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which utilizes beta-catenin to relay the signal, have been demonstrated to regulate HSC f...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0704747104

    authors: Nemeth MJ,Topol L,Anderson SM,Yang Y,Bodine DM

    更新日期:2007-09-25 00:00:00

  • Exosome-mediated transmission of hepatitis C virus between human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells.

    abstract::Recent evidence indicates there is a role for small membrane vesicles, including exosomes, as vehicles for intercellular communication. Exosomes secreted by most cell types can mediate transfer of proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs, but their role in the transmission of infectious agents is less established. Recent studie...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1221899110

    authors: Ramakrishnaiah V,Thumann C,Fofana I,Habersetzer F,Pan Q,de Ruiter PE,Willemsen R,Demmers JA,Stalin Raj V,Jenster G,Kwekkeboom J,Tilanus HW,Haagmans BL,Baumert TF,van der Laan LJ

    更新日期:2013-08-06 00:00:00

  • Ferric heme as a CO/NO sensor in the nuclear receptor Rev-Erbß by coupling gas binding to electron transfer.

    abstract::Rev-Erbβ is a nuclear receptor that couples circadian rhythm, metabolism, and inflammation. Heme binding to the protein modulates its function as a repressor, its stability, its ability to bind other proteins, and its activity in gas sensing. Rev-Erbβ binds Fe3+-heme more tightly than Fe2+-heme, suggesting its activit...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.2016717118

    authors: Sarkar A,Carter EL,Harland JB,Speelman AL,Lehnert N,Ragsdale SW

    更新日期:2021-01-19 00:00:00

  • Digital design of multimaterial photonic particles.

    abstract::Scattering of light from dielectric particles whose size is on the order of an optical wavelength underlies a plethora of visual phenomena in nature and is a foundation for optical coatings and paints. Tailoring the internal nanoscale geometry of such "photonic particles" allows tuning their optical scattering charact...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1601777113

    authors: Tao G,Kaufman JJ,Shabahang S,Rezvani Naraghi R,Sukhov SV,Joannopoulos JD,Fink Y,Dogariu A,Abouraddy AF

    更新日期:2016-06-21 00:00:00

  • Unraveling the structure and dynamics of the human DNAJB6b chaperone by NMR reveals insights into Hsp40-mediated proteostasis.

    abstract::J-domain chaperones are involved in the efficient handover of misfolded/partially folded proteins to Hsp70 but also function independently to protect against cell death. Due to their high flexibility, the mechanism by which they regulate the Hsp70 cycle and how specific substrate recognition is performed remains unkno...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.1914999116

    authors: Karamanos TK,Tugarinov V,Clore GM

    更新日期:2019-10-22 00:00:00

  • Inactivation of cardiotrophin-like cytokine, a second ligand for ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, leads to cold-induced sweating syndrome in a patient.

    abstract::Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor controls a pathway supporting the differentiation and survival of a wide range of neural cell types during development and in adulthood. Cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC)-cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF) composite cytokine is a second ligand for the CNTF alpha-component receptor...

    journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1073/pnas.0509598103

    authors: Rousseau F,Gauchat JF,McLeod JG,Chevalier S,Guillet C,Guilhot F,Cognet I,Froger J,Hahn AF,Knappskog PM,Gascan H,Boman H

    更新日期:2006-06-27 00:00:00