Abstract：
CONTEXT:A student's academic success in graduate and professional school may depend on prior knowledge. However, these students may not see important and necessary material for extended periods of time between their pre-requisites and their new course work. As such, they are more prone to being unable to access available information from memory when needed. This study investigated the use of multiple-choice (MC) question examinations in stabilising or reactivating these students' memories for material that is available in their memories, but currently inaccessible due to disuse. METHODS:A total of 156 incoming first-year student-pharmacists were recruited. These student-pharmacists completed a baseline examination on physiology prior to coursework. This assessment contained fill-in-the-blank (FIB) questions followed by MC versions of the FIB questions. In the experimental sets, 10 questions had MC distractor answers that were answers to a future FIB question; in the other condition, the MC distractors were not answers to future FIB questions. The primary outcome was performance on future or target FIB questions in the context of whether the prior or priming MC questions contained the answer within the distractors. RESULTS:Performance on target FIB questions improved when the distractors in the MC questions contained the relevant answer (29%) compared to when the distractors did not contain the correct answer (18%) (P < .001, d = 0.78). When students could not generate a correct response to the FIB question, the experimental condition outperforming the control condition (17% vs 30%, d = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS:Multiple-choice questions that contained a correct response as a distractor to a future question, improved student performance. As such, the use of MC may be an inexpensive way to reactivate prior knowledge, especially knowledge that has become inaccessible due to disuse.
journal_name
Med Educjournal_title
Medical educationauthors
Schimmelfing LC,Persky AMdoi
10.1111/medu.14162subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-10-01 00:00:00pages
925-931issue
10eissn
0308-0110issn
1365-2923journal_volume
54pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In October 1994 a project was initiated by the General Practice Continuing Medical Education Tutors in the Department of General Practice at Sheffield University. The project sought to evaluate the efficiency (effort expended) and effectiveness (distance travelled) of a model of continuing professional development for...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1997.tb00038.x
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medical students are allocated little curriculum time for exposure to expert systems. ESTA, a computer model of an expert system, was developed to make best use of this time. The nature of the students' interaction with ESTA is described, and their reactions to the expert system concepts and the place of expert system...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1988.tb00418.x
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pre-registration house officers who answered enquiries in 1973 and 1974 about career preferences were written to again in 1976. This yielded 205 comparisons, in which 134 (65.5%) doctors retained their original first choice of career, thirty-five (17%) opted for their previous second or third choice and thirty-six (17...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1978.tb00499.x
更新日期：1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Prescribing practices impact greatly on drug use and expenditure. The situation in developing countries is often compounded by a limited health budget. Furthermore, because of role substitution in these countries, prescribers are often not formally trained in rational prescribing. The study described in this...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.01000.x
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:The long-term impact of faculty development programmes (FDPs) is poorly understood, and most assessments of them have been quantitative in nature. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to use qualitative methods to better understand the long-term impact of an FDP in teaching skills (FDP/TS). METHODS:A survey was carried...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02770.x
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With increasing numbers of general practitioners wishing to provide child health surveillance during the 1980s and the expected further increase with the 1990 General Practice Contract, a course in child health surveillance was developed. The content of the course was determined by a needs assessment of Welsh general ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02838.x
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop and assess the feasibility and psychometric properties of multi-source feedback questionnaires to monitor international medical graduates practising in Canada under 'defined' licences. METHOD:Four questionnaires (patient, co-worker, colleague and self) were developed and administered in 2 phases t...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02410.x
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to provide some insight into the manner and degree of students' acquisition of practical skills. One hundred and fifty-two of a total of 166 students in a medical clerkship during the first clinical year answered a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained fifty-eight different laboratory test...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1983.tb00962.x
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the current status of teaching on spirituality in medicine in UK medical schools and to establish if and how medical schools are preparing future doctors to identify patients' spiritual needs. METHODS:We carried out a national questionnaire survey using a 2-part questionnaire. Section A contai...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02980.x
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The teaching of ethics to medical students has recently become a topic of much importance to all concerned with medical education. However, those most involved, the students themselves, have been consulted very little. This paper reports the views of a sample of medical students at Oxford University on what ethics tea...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1988.tb00401.x
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Grades are commonly used in formative workplace-based assessment (WBA) in medical education and training, but may draw attention away from feedback about the task. A dilemma arises because the self-regulatory focus of a trainee must include self-awareness relative to agreed standards, which implies grading. OB...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/medu.12659
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This paper aims to summarise the evidence supporting the role of experience-based, non-analytic reasoning (NAR) or pattern recognition as a central feature of expert medical diagnosis. METHODS:The authors examine a series of studies, primarily from their own research programme at McMaster University, that de...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02914.x
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study reports the nature of non-emergency, day-to-day practice-related questions which arose in rural practice and were phoned in to a medical information system (MIS). The usefulness of these questions, and their responses, to clinical decision-making is outlined. Sixty-seven practitioners from 10 rural communit...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00057.x
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The General Medical Council's document 'Tomorrow's Doctors' (1993, GMC, London) recommended major changes in the undergraduate curricula of UK medical schools. In Nottingham, the fourth-year psychiatric attachment became shorter in duration, and interactive, problem-oriented, workshop-based learning replaced lectures....
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00162.x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Educational interventions may ultimately impact on patient care as well as affecting individuals' learning. Critical evaluation of educational literature by those involved in designing and developing educational interventions is therefore important. A checklist instrument for critically appraising reports of...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00479.x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Near-peer and faculty staff tutors may facilitate problem-based learning (PBL) through different means. Near-peer tutors are thought to compensate for their lack of subject matter expertise with greater adeptness at group facilitation and a better understanding of their learners. However, theoretical explanatio...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.12969
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The undergraduate teaching of childhood illness in the community is described. This teaching includes a cross-section of acute childhood illness together with some contact with handicapped children in their own homes. Although there were only four teaching sessions, the frequency of conditions studied approximated to ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1977.tb00575.x
更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:As a contribution to this special issue commemorating the journal's 50th volume, this paper seeks to explore directions for national licensing examinations (NLEs) in medicine. Increases in the numbers of new medical schools and the mobility of doctors across national borders mean that NLEs are becoming even mor...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.12810
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:The recommendations of the General Medical Council in Tomorrow's Doctors renewed efforts to define core knowledge in undergraduate medical education. They also encouraged better use of the medical knowledge base in nurturing clinical judgement, critical thinking, and reflective practice. What then does the medi...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00428.x
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper has reported some aspects of an analysis of the correlates of success in candidates' first attempts at the postgraduate psychiatric examinations of the R.A.N.Z.C.P. These are developed to suggest some attributes which selectors of trainees could take into account. Profitable future areas for research are de...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1981.tb02482.x
更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Tutors in problem-based learning (PBL) tutorials have a complex role to play in facilitating students' learning. This includes providing support for students' acquisition of content knowledge and skills in critical thinking, coaching of group processes and modelling of reflective practice. Few studies which inv...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03293.x
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:arts-based interventions, which aim to foster understanding of the patient's perspective and to enhance communication skills, have been part of the medical curriculum for several years. This review aims to evaluate the available evidence base for their effectiveness and to suggest the nature of future work. ME...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03848.x
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine whether admission interviews could differentiate applicants on their personal qualities (such as integrity, empathy and commitment) 456 applicants from two medical schools were tested on the Defining Issues Test (DIT), which measures the amount of principled or post-conventional moral reasoning. No differ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01297.x
更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medical education is primarily about training physicians and maintaining their capabilities over time. Given that physicians are the primary focus of the field, there is a need for a clear idea of what physicians are or could be. This paper seeks to explore this issue by posing the simple question: ?Where do physician...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/medu.13095
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The diagnostic thinking process is often described as one of hypothesis generation and testing. Yet descriptions of the clinical problem solver's thinking prior to generation of the first diagnostic hypothesis are lacking. This paper reports a study of this phase in students, house officers and registrars. Theories of...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1982.tb01214.x
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The educational programme reported was an experiment in the vocational training scheme of the department of General Practice, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Holland, and is now part of the course. The programme focused on the training in team function (co-operation) given to trainee GPs and social workers. It became c...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1979.tb00916.x
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:The training of caring physicians represents an important goal of medical education. Little is known however, on whether medical faculty constitute good role models for teaching humanistic skills to medical students. In this study, we examined to what extent medical students at innovative and ...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00543.x
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To describe the ways in which total resources available for the Service Increment for Teaching (SIFT) have been determined and related to numbers of undergraduate medical students; and the development and current arrangements for allocating SIFT to the providers of service support for teaching. DESIGN:The d...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00310.x
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In medical education, assessment of medical competence and performance, important changes have taken place in the last 5 decades. These changes have affected the basic concepts in all 3 domains. DEVELOPMENTS IN EDUCATION AND ASSESSMENT:In education constructivism has provided a completely new view on how st...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01851.x
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The average length of in-patient stay (LOS) in Japan is longer than that of the other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The tendency towards long LOS is also apparent in teaching hospitals in Japan. This paper examines factors responsible for the long LOS in teaching hospitals, fo...
journal_title：Medical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00269.x
更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00
