Abstract:
PURPOSE:The motor cortex (M1) appears to be a primary site of adaptation following both a single session, and repeated strength-training sessions across multiple weeks. Given that a single session of strength-training is sufficient to induce modification at the level of the M1 and corticospinal tract, this study sought to determine how these acute changes in M1 and corticospinal tract might accumulate across the course of a 2-week heavy-load strength-training program. METHODS:Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to infer corticospinal excitability (CSE), intracortical facilitation (ICF), short and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) and silent period duration prior to and following each training session during a 2-week heavy-load strength-training period. RESULTS:Following 2-weeks of strength-training, increases in strength (15.5%, P = 0.01) were accompanied by an increase in CSE (44%, P = 0.006) and reductions in both silent period duration (14%, P < 0.0001) and SICI (35%, P = 0.0004). Early training sessions acutely increased CSE and ICF, and acutely reduced silent period duration and SICI. However, later training sessions failed to modulate SICI and ICF, with substantial adaptations occurring offline between training sessions. No acute or retained changes in LICI were observed. Co-contraction of antagonists reduced by 36% following 2-weeks of strength-training. CONCLUSIONS:Collectively, these results indicate that corticospinal plasticity occurs within and between training sessions throughout a training period in distinct early and later stages that are modulated by separate mechanisms of plasticity. The development of strength is akin to the previously reported changes that occur following motor skill training.
journal_name
Eur J Appl Physioljournal_title
European journal of applied physiologyauthors
Mason J,Frazer AK,Avela J,Pearce AJ,Howatson G,Kidgell DJdoi
10.1007/s00421-020-04316-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-04-01 00:00:00pages
783-798issue
4eissn
1439-6319issn
1439-6327pii
10.1007/s00421-020-04316-6journal_volume
120pub_type
杂志文章,随机对照试验abstract:PURPOSE:The aim is to provide better understanding of carbon dioxide (CO2) elimination during ventilation for both the healthy and atelectatic condition, derived in a pressure-controlled mode. Therefore, we present a theoretical analysis of CO2 elimination of healthy and diseased lungs. METHODS:Based on a single-compa...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2754-0
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed in relation to pain and injuries in skeletal muscle, but may adversely affect muscle adaptation probably via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Induction of heat shock proteins (HSP) represents an important adaptive response in muscle subjected to ...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2606-y
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity aerobic interval training (AIT) on exercise hemodynamics in metabolic syndrome (MetS) volunteers. METHODS:Thirty-eight, MetS participants were randomly assigned to a training (TRAIN) or to a non-training control (CONT) group. TRAIN consisted ...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3697-7
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Acute breath-holding deprives the human body from oxygen. In an effort to protect the brain, the diving response is initiated, coupling several physiological responses. The aim of this study was to describe the physiological responses to apnea at the cardiac, peripheral and cerebral level. METHODS:31 physicall...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04445-y
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The focus of this study was to monitor daily objective measures of standing postural control over an 8-week period, recorded in a person's home, in a population of healthy older adults. Establishing natural patterns of variation in the day-to-day signal, occurring in the relative absence of functional decline o...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3034-3
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise critical power (CP) has been shown to represent the highest sustainable work rate (WR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parameter estimation, however, depends on 4 high-intensity tests performed, on different days, to the limit of tolerance (T(lim)). In order to establish a milde...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0064-x
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Comparison and reliability of two non-invasive acetylene uptake techniques for the measurement of cardiac output. Thirteen trained male cyclists performed CO2 rebreathing (CO2RB) at intensities from rest to 200 W, and open-circuit acetylene uptake (OpCirc) and single-breath acetylene uptake (SB) at intensities from re...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1343-2
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breath-hold divers report transient, severe neurological symptoms that could be caused by arterial gas embolism after glossopharyngeal insufflation. This technique is often used to overinflate the lungs and stretch the chest prior to breath-holding and can increase the transpulmonary pressure to around 7-8 kPa, so int...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2494-6
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study investigated the changes occurring in interstitial metabolite concentrations and blood flow in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle during the post-exercise recovery period following a single 2-h bout of one-legged exercise. In addition, the effect of microdialysis perfusion with insulin or the in...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0753-3
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:To investigate potential differences in the recruitment order of motor units (MUs) in the quadriceps femoris when electrical stimulation is applied over the quadriceps belly versus the femoral nerve. METHODS:M-waves and mechanical twitches were evoked using femoral nerve stimulation and direct quadriceps ...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2736-2
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptations to chronic hypoxia involve changes in membrane transport proteins. The underlying mechanism of this response may be related to concomitant occurring changes in erythropoietin (Epo) levels. We therefore tested the direct effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) treatment on the expression of mus...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0567-8
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Falls from heights resulting from a loss of balance are a major concern in the occupational setting. Previous studies have documented a deleterious effect of lower extremity fatigue on balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbar extensor fatigue on balance during quiet standing. Addition...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1195-1
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a 3-week strength training program of knee extensor muscles on cycling delta efficiency in master endurance athletes. Nine master (age 51.5 ± 5.5 years) and 8 young (age 25.6 ± 5.9 years) endurance athletes with similar training levels participated in this study. Dur...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compared between alternating and pulsed current electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) for muscle oxygenation and blood volume during isometric contractions. Nine healthy men (23-48 years) received alternating current EMS (2500 Hz) modulated at 75 Hz on the knee extensors of one leg, and pulsed current EMS (75...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1699-9
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Bruce treadmill protocol is an often-used exercise test for children and adults. Few and mainly old normative data are available for young children. In this cross-sectional observational study we determined new reference values for the original Bruce protocol in children aged 4 and 5 years. Furthermore, we compare...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1236-x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:These studies determined (1) age- and sex-related differences in steadiness of isometric contractions when high cognitive demand was imposed across a range of forces with the elbow flexor muscles (study 1) and; (2) sex differences in steadiness among older adults when low cognitive demand was imposed (study 2)....
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3113-0
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise activates neutrophil burst and this effect is dependent on training status and exercise intensity. In this study, the chronic effect of treadmill exercise on phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen metabolites and expression of NADPH oxidase components in rat neutrophils was investigated. Neutrophils were...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0414-y
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To compare the effects of different hypoxia severities on exercise capacity, cardio-respiratory, tissue oxygenation and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics in response to exhaustive intermittent cycling. METHODS:Eleven well-trained cyclists, repeated supra-maximal cycling efforts of 15 s (30% of anaerobic po...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04495-2
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The effectiveness of exercise to lower blood pressure may depend on the type and intensity of exercise. We study the short-term (i.e., 14-h) effects of a bout of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) on blood pressure in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. METHODS:Nineteen MetS patients (55.2 ± 7.3 y...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3631-z
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the energy cost (C) and the 3D intracycle velocity variation (IVV; swimming direction--x, vertical--y and lateral--z axes) throughout the 200 m front crawl event. Ten international level swimmers performed a maximal 200 m front crawl swim followed by 50...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2284-6
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was undertaken to determine the cell adhesion molecule profile of CD4+, CD8hi and CD56+ lymphocytes, which are mobilised to and from the peripheral blood during and after prolonged aerobic exercise. Ten healthy males (21-35 years old) were tested on two occasions, separated by at least 14 days. On the first...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004210000374
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Prolonged static stretching (SS) in isolation (no dynamic warm-up) can impair muscle performance. There are conflicting reports whether impairments are present in antagonist and contralateral muscles. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of unilateral hamstrings SS on ipsilateral stretched and c...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04182-x
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A model that describes the blood lactate concentration (BLC) dynamics [BLC(t)] of a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) as a function of (a) BLC at the start of exercise (BLC(0)), (b) extra-vascular increase in lactate (A), (c) two corresponding velocity constants of appearance (k (1)) and disappearance (k (2)) of lactate i...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1481-z
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was designed to investigate the role of reduced air density on the energetics of 100 m running at altitude. A mathematical supply-demand model was used where supply had two components, aerobic and anaerobic and demand had three components: the cost of overcoming non-aerodynamic forces (C(na)), the co...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0587-3
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::No studies have considered whether a firefighter's boots are a factor influencing physiological responses. The purpose of this study was to examine physiological responses to a fire simulation activity (stair climb) in professional firefighters wearing rubber boots (RB) and leather boots (LB). Twelve professional fire...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1092-8
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the topic of physical training and blood coagulation are rare and the effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether endurance training adjusts blood coagulation and fibrinolysis at rest and after exercise. The study included 50 healthy untrained non-smoker...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2564-9
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Walking is a complex locomotor process that involves both spinal cord reflexes and cortical integration of peripheral nerve input. Maintaining an upright body position requires not only neuromuscular activity but also cardiovascular regulation. We postulated that plantar mechanical stimulation might modulate au...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3479-7
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Sarcopenia can begin from the 4-5th decade of life and is exacerbated by obesity and inactivity. A combination of resistance exercise (RE) and endurance exercise is recommended to combat rising obesity and inactivity levels. However, work continues to elucidate whether interference in adaptive outcomes occur wh...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3721-y
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Exercise is beneficial to type-2 diabetes-mellitus (T2DM), and there is evidence showing that one of those benefits include a higher expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been implicated in improving fat oxidation and cognitive development. The deleterious effect of prolonged sedenta...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04568-2
更新日期:2021-01-02 00:00:00
abstract::The absence of mechanical loading leads to a prompt increase in bone resorption measured by bone resorption markers. There is high potential that vibration training can positively influence bone metabolism in immobilized subjects, reduce the increase in osteoclastic activity and increase bone formation processes. We i...
journal_title:European journal of applied physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2137-3
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00