Abstract:
:Industrial and academic needs for innovation and fundamental research are essential and not widely different. Depending on the industrial setting, research and development (R&D) activities may be more focused on the developmental aspects given the need to ultimately sell useful products. However, one of the biggest differences between academic and industrial R&D will usually be the funding model applied and the priority setting between innovative research and product development. Generalizing, companies usually opt for development using customer- and consumer-derived funds whereas university research is driven by open innovation, mostly funded by taxpayer's money. Obviously, both approaches require scientific rigor and quality, dedication and perseverance and obtaining a PhD degree can be achieved in both settings. The formal differences between the two settings need to be realized and students should make an educated choice prior to the start of PhD-level research activities. Intrinsic differences in scientific approaches between the two categories of employers are not often discussed in great detail. We will here document our experience in this field and provide insights into the need for purely fundamental research, industrial R&D and current mixed models at the level of European funding of research. The field of diagnostics in clinical bacteriology and infectious diseases will serve as a source of reference.
journal_name
Med Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Medical microbiology and immunologyauthors
van Belkum A,Pelegrin AC,Datar R,Goyal M,Palmieri M,Mirande C,Chalansonnet V,Orenga Sdoi
10.1007/s00430-019-00643-4subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-06-01 00:00:00pages
217-223issue
3eissn
0300-8584issn
1432-1831pii
10.1007/s00430-019-00643-4journal_volume
209pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Varicella during pregnancy can be associated with severe illnesses for both the mother and her neonate. Varicella pneumonia must be regarded as a medical emergency, since pregnant women are at risk of life-threatening ventilatory compromise and death. After maternal chickenpox in the first and second trimesters, conge...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00430-006-0032-z
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The DNAs of two kinds of microorganisms from human leprosy lesion, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum (also known as "leprosy-derived corynebacterium" or LDC), have been analysed and compared with the genomes of reference bacteria of the CMN group (genera Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium and Noc...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00190309
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::NFR nude (nu/nu) and euthymic (+/nu) littermates were infected with coxsackievirus B3 (CBV-3) and assayed for virus persistence in the heart, pancreas and spleen, for development of myocarditis and for antibody production. The virus grew to higher titer and persisted longer in hearts of nu/nu mice. In both types of mi...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02123563
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were studied in reactivated toxoplasma infection in mice. The infection was established by immunosuppressing chronically infected animals by thymectomy followed by irradiation. The reactivated infection was confirmed by reappearance of toxoplasma tachyzoites in peritonea...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00191061
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli isolates of serotype O6:K5 are the most common causative agents of cystitis and pyelonephritis in adults. To answer the question, as to whether strains of this particular serotype represent one special clonal group, out of a collection of 34 serotype O6:K5 isolates [Zingler et al. (1990) Zentralbl. Ba...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00195947
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study describes the properties of an inactivated subunit antigen preparation from varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-infected MRC-5 cells by treatment with detergent and formaldehyde, ultracentrifugation over sucrose and acetone precipitation. The method preserved the antigenicity of VZV proteins and several VZV-specif...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00277161
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Enders strain of mumps virus grown in ovo was purified by differential and equilibrium sucrose gradient sedimentation. Purified virus contained seven polypeptides of mol. wts 68,000, 66,000, 61,000, 54,000, 52,000, 49,000, 47,000. Nucleocapsids isolated from DOC-treated virus contained two polypeptides of mol. wts...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02125509
更新日期:1977-12-27 00:00:00
abstract::Various strains of Helicobacter pylori were able to lyse erythrocytes from sheep, horse, and human when grown on blood agar. The hemolysis did not depend on the production of the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA as demonstrated by the hemolytic behavior of an isogenic vacA-negative mutant strain. The hemolytic activity coul...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004300050062
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that utilizes the quorum-sensing (QS) process to regulate the production of different virulence factors and biofilm. N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C12) is a key QS molecule of P. aeruginosa which interacts with the mammalian immune cells and modulates thei...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00430-019-00631-8
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza remains an important threat for human health, despite the extensive study of influenza viruses and the production of effective vaccines. In contrast to virus genetics determinants, host genetic factors with clinical impact remained unexplored until recently. The association between three single nucleotide po...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00430-018-0567-9
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytotoxic effects of a leukocidin from Fusobacterium necrophorum were demonstrated on bovine hepatic cells. The cytotoxic response was dose-dependent and could be inhibited by homologous antiserum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damaged hepatic cell surface. These findings indicated a pathogenic role of the leu...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00190308
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immediate-early (IE) genes are the first genes to be transcribed during the lytic replication cycle of cytomegaloviruses (CMV), and encode nonstructural proteins, which are assumed to have mainly regulatory functions. The IE proteins may play important roles in the pathogenesis of CMV in vivo, for instance during the ...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00430-008-0076-3
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::When P3HR-1 lymphoblastoid cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related antigens at very low frequency were cocultivated with human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes and the cell-free mixed culture fluid was applied to fresh cord lymphocytes, cells morphologically distinct from normal lymphocytes became evident af...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02125494
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections affect 71 million people worldwide, often resulting in severe liver damage. Since 2014 highly efficient therapies based on directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are available, offering cure rates of almost 100%, if the infection is diagnosed in time. It took more than a decade to...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00430-018-0566-x
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structural relation of YOP-1 of "european" and "american" Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:9, O:5,27, and O:8 and O:20, respectively, and Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes I, II, and III was compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping using Staphylococcus aureus ...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00215249
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Six colonies producing antibodies were obtained by fusing mouse myeloma SP2-O cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with cytomegalovirus Davis strain. Among 88 surviving clones, 29 produced antibodies detectable by immunofluorescence on infected MRC5 cells and 2 others produced neutralizing antibodies against a ...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02123803
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of sheep anti-murine recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection were studied in T cell-deficient nu/nu mice. The sheep anti-TNF-alpha antibody preparation was specific for TNF since it neutralized 300 U of recombinant murine TNF-alpha in vitro at a...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00198530
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The new QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus employs modified peptides optimized to elicit an IFNγ response from CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in addition to CD4+ T cells. With a view to improve the difficult identification of TB cases, we assessed the combination of two specific immunological markers comprising IFNγ secretion and...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00430-018-00576-4
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To characterize the role of specific lymphocyte subsets in Chlamydia trachomatis infection, we established a murine model using the mouse pneumonitis agent (MoPn) of C. trachomatis and C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mice which lack functional B and T cells. After intraperitoneal inoculation with the bacteria, SCID mice devel...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004300050076
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::As enteroviruses are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, this study was initiated to investigate the nature of the binding of enteroviruses to human skin. Using poliovirus 1, Mahoney, we investigated the overall effectiveness of soap and water hand-washing of 1 and 5 min duration. The virus-skin interaction wa...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02124807
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::High titered Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin antiserum, cross-reactive with C. difficile cytotoxin B (ToxB), was used to isolate toxB fragments from a C. difficile expression library. Recombinant clones containing toxB fragments of the 5' and 3' end were isolate. A 2.5-kb HincII fragment of chromosomal DNA overlaps...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00192465
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbapenems are important last-line antibiotics for the treatment of hospital infections. Enterobacteriaceae (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli) expressing the "New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase" gene bla(NDM-1) are resistant to carbapenems and were predicted to become a major global health problem. To cop...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00430-011-0189-y
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::IgG immune response to CagA was evaluated by enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant fragment of CagA as antigen in 171 patients with gastric cancer and 298 blood donors to determine whether it could be related to the ABO(H) blood group phenotype, stage of cancer or tumor morphology. The CagA-ELIS...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004300050097
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The stimulatory effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human macrophages was found to be neutralized by the detergent octylglucoside (OG). Both macrophage stimulation and reactivity in a limulus amebocyte lysate test were suppressed by suspension of LPS in OG at concentrations between 0.25 and 2.5 mM, whereas other sti...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s430-001-8019-2
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The production of thermolabile (LT) enterotoxin was compared in a defined medium reported by Staples et al. (SAG medium) for the production of thermostable (ST) enterotoxin and the Casamino acids-Yeast extract (CAYE) medium. Aliquots were drawn frum cultures of an enterotoxigenic (LT+, ST+) E. coli in both media at di...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02122706
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We compared the impact of IL-4 and IL-5 deficiency during the fully permissive infection of BALB/c mice with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis. IL-5, in contrast to IL-4, is crucial for the containment of adult worms during short- and long-term infections. IL-5 KO mice allowed development of more larvae into...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0155-9
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) from elderly healthy subjects and post-operative cancer patients to ingest and kill Clostridium difficile was studied. The percentage of phagocytosis in clinically healthy subjects aged 69-82 years ranged from 20.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- SD) to 34.1 +/- 4.2, depending on t...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02123569
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral candidiasis (OC) is a frequent oral manifestation of HIV infection, is a marker disease and occurs as a pseudomembranous, erythematous or rarely hyperplastic variant; angular cheilitis is also seen. Candida albicans is frequently isolated but other species such as C. krusei and C. dublienensis are emerging. Resis...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0175-5
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is known that tetraspanin proteins are involved in many physiological somatic cell mechanisms. Additionally, research has indicated they also have a role in various infectious diseases and cancers. This review focuses on the molecular interactions underlying the tetraspanin web formation in gametes. Primarily, tetr...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00430-020-00676-0
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A set of 12 rapid biochemical tests--lysinedecarboxylase, ornithinedecarboxylase, beta-galactosidase, urease, hydrogensulphide, indole, acetoin, deoxyribonuclease, esculin, mannitol, raffinose and sorbitol--were selected from an original set of 13 tests and were found to give 98% accurate reactions within 4 hrs of inc...
journal_title:Medical microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02122710
更新日期:1975-09-19 00:00:00