Abstract:
:The orientation of vascular canals in primary bone may reflect differences in growth rate and/or adaptation to biomechanical loads. Previous studies link specific canal orientations to bone growth rates, but results between different taxa are contradictory. Circumferential vascular canals (forming laminar bone) have been hypothesized to reflect either (or both) rapid growth rate or locomotion-induced torsional loading. Previous work on the hindlimb biomechanics in the emu shows that the femur and tibiotarsus experience large shear strains, likely resulting from torsional loads that increase through ontogeny. Here, we test how growth rate and biomechanical loading affect bone laminarity in wing and hindlimb elements from growing emu (2-60 wks). If laminar bone is an adaptation to torsion-induced shear strains, it should increase from juveniles to adults. Alternatively, if bone laminarity reflects rapid growth, as has been shown previously in emu, it should be abundant in fast-growing juveniles and decrease with age. Transverse mid-shaft histological sections from the limb bones (femur, tibiotarsus, humerus, ulna, and radius) were prepared and imaged. Growth rates were measured using fluorescent bone labels. Vascular canal orientation was quantified using laminarity index (proportion of circumferential canals). Principal components analysis was performed to convert highly correlated variables (i.e., mass, age, growth rate, and shear strain) into principal components. Random-intercept beta regression modeling determined which principal components best explained laminarity. The fastest growth rates were found in young individuals for all five skeletal elements. Maximum growth rate did not coincide with peak laminarity. Instead, in the femur and tibiotarsus, elevated laminarity is strongly correlated with adult features such as large size, old age, and modest growth rate. This result is contrary to predictions made based on a previous study of emu but is consistent with results observed in some other avian species (penguin, chicken). Shear strain in the caudal octant of the femur and tibiotarsus is positively correlated with laminarity but has a weaker effect on laminarity relative to mass, age, and growth rate. Laminarity in the wing elements is variable and does not correlate with ontogenetic factors (including mass, age, and growth rate). Its presence may relate to relaxed developmental canalization or a retained ancestral feature. In conclusion, ontogeny (including growth rate) is the dominant influence on vascular canal orientation at least in the hindlimb of the emu.
journal_name
PeerJjournal_title
PeerJauthors
Kuehn AL,Lee AH,Main RP,Simons ELRdoi
10.7717/peerj.7616subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-09-25 00:00:00pages
e7616issn
2167-8359pii
7616journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
PeerJ文献大全abstract::Circular RNA (circRNA) is an endogenous noncoding RNA with a covalently closed cyclic structure. Based on their components, circRNAs are divided into exonic circRNAs, intronic circRNAs, and exon-intron circRNAs. CircRNAs have well-conserved sequences and often have high stability due to their resistance to exonuclease...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.5503
更新日期:2018-08-24 00:00:00
abstract:Introduction:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Despite recommendations for HPV vaccination of young women from health authorities, parental concerns were raised whether vaccination could induce unsafe sexual behaviour in young women. Therefore, the primary aim...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.8516
更新日期:2020-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::Nephila clavata L Koch, known as the Joro spider and native to East Asia (Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan), is newly reported from North America. Specimens from several locations in northeast Georgia were collected from around residential properties in Barrow, Jackson, and Madison counties in late October and early No...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.763
更新日期:2015-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::The incorporation of feedback into a person's body schema is well established. The crossmodal congruency task (CCT) is used to objectively quantify incorporation without being susceptible to experimenter biases. This visual-tactile interference task is used to calculate the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) score as ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.6976
更新日期:2019-05-22 00:00:00
abstract::Species traits may provide a short-cut to predicting generalities in species turnover in response to environmental change, particularly for poorly known taxa. We ask if morphological traits of assemblages respond predictably to macrohabitats across a large scale. Ant assemblages were collected at nine paired pasture a...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.271
更新日期:2014-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Ortleppascaris sinensis is the dominant nematode species infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the captive Chinese alligator, a critically endangered species. Gastrointestinal nematode infection may cause a loss of appetite, growth, a development disorder, and even mortality in alligators, especially young ones. Thi...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7607
更新日期:2019-09-06 00:00:00
abstract::Establishing a diverse gut microbiota after birth is being increasingly recognised as important for preventing illnesses later in life. It is well established that bacterial diversity rapidly increases post-partum; however, few studies have examined the infant gut virome/phageome during this developmental period. We p...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.4694
更新日期:2018-05-07 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Because etomidate induces prolonged adrenal suppression, even following a single bolus, its use as an infused anesthetic is limited. Our previous study indicated that a single administration of the novel etomidate analog methoxyethyletomidate hydrochloride (ET-26-HCl) shows little suppression of adrenocortic...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3693
更新日期:2017-09-04 00:00:00
abstract:Background:In the absence of highly effective antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to counter the known pathophysiological causes of severe COVID-19. Evaluating the efficacy existing drugs may expedite the development of such therapeutics. Severe COVID-19 is largely the result of a dysregulated immune ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10322
更新日期:2020-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications can be found in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). Several studies have demonstrated a close relationship between m6A modifications and cancer cells. Methyltransferase-like enzyme 3 (METTL3) and methyltransferase-like enzyme 14 (M...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9589
更新日期:2020-07-22 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) and endometrial cancer (EC) in the Republic of Korea using national insurance claim data generated from 2009 to 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data that were generated from 2009 to 2012 were sourced from the Korean Hea...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.2374
更新日期:2016-08-24 00:00:00
abstract::Microbes ubiquitously inhabit animals and plants, often affecting their host's phenotype. As a result, even in a constant genetic background, the host's phenotype may evolve through indirect selection on the microbiome. 'Microbiome engineering' offers a promising novel approach for attaining desired host traits but ha...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9350
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flatfish undergo extreme morphological development and settle to a benthic in the adult stage, and are likely to be more susceptible to environmental stress. Heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) are involved in embryonic development and stress response in metazoan animals. However, the evolutionary history and functions of ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7781
更新日期:2019-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative morphometric analyses, particularly ontogenetic allometry, are common methods used in quantifying shape, and changes therein, in both extinct and extant organisms. Due to incompleteness and the potential for restricted sample sizes in the fossil record, palaeobiological analyses of allometry may encounter...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.818
更新日期:2015-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the western Pacific are increasingly being assessed for their potential mineral wealth. To anticipate the potential impacts on biodiversity and connectivity among populations at these vents, environmental baselines need to be established. Bathymodiolus manusensis is a deep-sea mussel fou...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3655
更新日期:2017-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::We revise the genus Conostigmus Dahlbom 1858 occurring in Madagascar, based on data from more specimens than were examined for the latest world revision of the genus. Our results yield new information about intraspecific variability and the nature of the atypical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) observed in Ceraph...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.2682
更新日期:2016-12-13 00:00:00
abstract:Background and Purpose:Several studies have proposed that the advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), a new inflammation-related index, can be used for the prognosis assessment of various malignancies. However, few studies have reported its prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, this study explo...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10100
更新日期:2020-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::Humans were once considered unique in having a concept of death but a growing number of observations of animal responses to dying and dead conspecifics suggests otherwise. Complex arrays of behaviors have been described ranging from corpse removal and burial among social insects to quiet attendance and caregiving amon...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.6655
更新日期:2019-04-02 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with remodeling of neuronal circuitries within the enteric nervous system, occurring also at sites distant from the acute site of inflammation and underlying disturbed intestinal functions. Homeoproteins orthodenticle OTX1 and OTX2 are neuronal transcription factors...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.8442
更新日期:2020-02-13 00:00:00
abstract::What are the greatest sizes that the largest marine megafauna obtain? This is a simple question with a difficult and complex answer. Many of the largest-sized species occur in the world's oceans. For many of these, rarity, remoteness, and quite simply the logistics of measuring these giants has made obtaining accurate...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.715
更新日期:2015-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::Plasmid vectors based on bacteriophage integrases are important tools in molecular microbiology for the introduction of foreign DNA, especially into bacterial species where other systems for genetic manipulation are limited. Site specific integrases catalyze recombination between phage and bacterial attachment sites (...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.4784
更新日期:2018-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::Pathogens invading the mammary gland are recognized through a range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), residing on the plasma membrane of mammary epithelial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signalling is responsible for recognition of Gram-positive bacteria, which are the most common mastitis-causing pathogens...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7340
更新日期:2019-07-31 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Information on cardiovascular gene transcription is fragmented and far behind the present requirements of the systems biology field. To create a comprehensive source of data for cardiovascular gene regulation and to facilitate a deeper understanding of genomic data, the CardioTF database was constructed. The...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.2339
更新日期:2016-08-23 00:00:00
abstract:Background:RNA sequencing is an indispensable research tool used in a broad range of transcriptome analysis studies. The most common application of RNA Sequencing is differential expression analysis and it is used to determine genetic loci with distinct expression across different conditions. An emerging field called s...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10469
更新日期:2020-12-22 00:00:00
abstract::A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, P and Cd concentrations and bioenergy quality-related factors of five cultivars of switchgrass, including three lowland cultivars (Alamo (Ala), Kanlow (Kan), Performer (Per)) and two highland cultiva...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.4425
更新日期:2018-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::The study of material collected during routine monitoring surveys dealing with oil extraction and aquaculture in waters off Myanmar (North Andaman Sea) and in the Gulf of Thailand, respectively, allowed us to analyse the taxonomy and diversity of the polychaete genus Terebellides (Annelida). Three species were found, ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.2313
更新日期:2016-08-16 00:00:00
abstract::Background. Child undernutrition and flooding are highly prevalent public health issues in many developing countries, yet we have little understanding of preventive strategies for effective coping in these circumstances. Education has been recently highlighted as key to reduce the societal impacts of extreme weather e...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.1741
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Root hairs are unicellular elongations of certain rhizodermal cells that improve the uptake of sparingly soluble and immobile soil nutrients. Among different Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, root hair density, length and the local acclimation to low inorganic phosphate (Pi) differs considerably, when analyzed on split ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.2891
更新日期:2017-01-24 00:00:00
abstract::The new leafhopper genus Vittalianareticulata gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from India, and placed in the tribe Opsiini based on ocelli close to eyes, without carina on anterior margin of the face and bifurcate aedeagus with two gonopores. Phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood (ML) using IQtree v1.4.1 of c...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9515
更新日期:2020-08-27 00:00:00
abstract::Ocean warming threatens the functioning of coral reef ecosystems by inducing mass coral bleaching and mortality events. The link between temperature and coral bleaching is now well-established based on observations that mass bleaching events usually occur when seawater temperatures are anomalously high. However, times...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7473
更新日期:2019-08-12 00:00:00