Abstract:
:Sex differences have been clinically documented in numerous neurodegenerative diseases and yet the reasons for these differences are not well understood. Recent studies have found that microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are a key cell type involved in neurodegenerative diseases. This cell type displays sex differences in their expression profiles and function. Could these sex differences in microglia explain the sex differences seen in neurodegenerative diseases? How can we further probe these differences to better understand disease mechanisms? In this Opinion, we highlight the recent evidence that microglia have sex differences, factors that contribute to these differences, and how these differences could shed new light on the pathophysiology of neurological diseases.
journal_name
Trends Mol Medjournal_title
Trends in molecular medicineauthors
Kodama L,Gan Ldoi
10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-09-01 00:00:00pages
741-749issue
9eissn
1471-4914issn
1471-499Xpii
S1471-4914(19)30103-0journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Genetic causes are thought to underlie about half of infertility cases, but understanding the genetic bases has been a major challenge. Modern genomics tools allow more sophisticated exploration of genetic causes of infertility through population, family-based, and individual studies. Nevertheless, potential therapies...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.12.008
更新日期:2021-01-08 00:00:00
abstract::The past few years have seen the identification of PTPN22 and the confirmation of CTLA-4 as common autoimmune disease genes. Together with MHC and INS, these developments have increased the collection of confirmed susceptibility loci for autoimmunity. In this article, the latest developments related to these genes and...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.12.005
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many infectious agents elicit a type I interferon response but, until recently, the molecular details that coordinate interferon (IFN)-alpha and -beta expression during infection were unknown. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and cytoplasmic RNA helicases such as retinoic acid...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.006
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ubiquitin-containing cellular inclusions are characteristic of major neurodegenerative diseases and suggest an involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The frameshifted form of ubiquitin has proved to be a valuable tool for studying the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It is an endogenous reporter for p...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.09.001
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Induction of pathogen-specific binding antibodies has long been considered a signature of protective immunity following vaccination and infection. The humoral immune response is a complex network of antibodies that target different specificities and drive different functions, collectively acting to limit and clear inf...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.09.002
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein S-nitrosylation constitutes a large part of the ubiquitous influence of nitric oxide on cellular signal transduction and accumulating evidence indicates important roles for S-nitrosylation both in normal physiology and in a broad spectrum of human diseases. Here we review recent findings that implicate S-nitro...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.06.007
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbon monoxide, long considered only as a toxic gas, has recently been shown to mediate potent anti-inflammatory and other salutary effects in rodents when it is used at low doses. Carbon monoxide is one of the products of the degradation of heme by heme oxygenase 1. Until recently, these beneficial effects of carbon...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.06.007
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs known to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. miRNAs are expressed in the heart where they regulate multiple pathophysiological processes. The discovery of stable cardiac miRNAs in the bloodstream has also motivated the investigation of their potential as biomarkers. This re...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.006
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, or CRISPR, has been widely accepted as a versatile genome editing tool with significant potential for medical application. Reliable allele specificity is one of the most critical elements for successful application of this technology to develop high-precision ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.008
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The placenta is central to foetal growth and development in mammalian pregnancy. Compromised placental function (as found in pre-eclampsia) often results in life-threatening situations for both mother and foetus. The nitric-oxide (NO) signalling cascade is important for placental function, in particular for the develo...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.003
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Migraine is a complex, disabling disorder of the brain that manifests itself as attacks of often severe, throbbing head pain with sensory sensitivity to light, sound and head movement. There is a clear familial tendency to migraine, which has been well defined in a rare autosomal dominant form of familial hemiplegic m...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.11.005
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is increasingly being used as a simple model for the investigation of problems that are relevant to human health. This article focuses on several recent examples of Dictyostelium-based biomedical research, including the analysis of immune-cell disease and chemotaxis, centroso...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.003
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD4(+) T cells occupy a central role in the induction and regulation of adaptive immune responses. Activated CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells exert immediate effector functions by producing cytokines and chemokines, providing help for the induction of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and memory, and providing help fo...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.07.007
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite years of investigation, it is still not known why iron levels are abnormally high in some regions of the brain in neurodegenerative disorders. Also, it is not clear whether iron accumulation in the brain is an initial event that causes neuronal death or is a consequence of the disease process. Here, we propose...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1471-4914(00)01910-9
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vascular calcification or ectopic mineralization in blood vessels is an active, cell-regulated process, increasingly recognized as a general cardiovascular risk factor. Remarkably, ectopic artery mineralization is frequently accompanied by decreased bone mineral density or disturbed bone turnover. This contradictory a...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.07.001
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding and utilization of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has jump-started over the past two decades. Recent technological advancements in sequencing and metabolomics have allowed for better characterization of our intestinal microbial counterparts, triggering a surge of excitement in the fields of m...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.009
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver, inflammation, hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition,...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.003
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases owing to the ease of generating and expanding these cells, the ability to differentiate them into various specialized mesenchymal tissue types and their immunosuppressive properties. However, their immunom...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.10.004
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In STEM, and particularly in science, many early career researchers find themselves isolated and lacking guidance. There is an enormous need to connect early career scientists with experienced professionals outside their immediate work environment. A new initiative aims to create a supportive community to foster commu...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.007
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. A family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) acts as primary sensors that detect a wide variety of microbial components and elicit innate immune responses. All TLR signaling pathways culminate in activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-ka...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.09.002
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulation of intermediate metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in tumor cells can cause epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Recent studies show that the oncometabolite fumarate, which accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers, confer...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.12.001
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of biomedical and biological research relies on a few molecular biology techniques. Here we show that eight key molecular biology techniques would not exist without basic biological research. We also find that the scientific reward system does not sufficiently value basic biological research into molecula...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.003
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing a mucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterile epithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of this mucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.003
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systemic inflammatory response is biologically complex, redundant, and activated by both infectious and noninfectious triggers. Its manipulation can cause both benefit and harm. More than 100 randomized clinical trials have tested the hypothesis that modulating the septic response to infection can improve survival...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.01.007
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Imported across the plasma membrane by SLC1A5, glutamine has emerged as a metabolic fuel that is catabolized by mitochondrial glutaminase to support tumor growth. The missing link between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial glutamine metabolism is now provided by Yoo et al., identifying the mitochondrial glutamine importer ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.004
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::What biological factors account for resilience to pain or to behavioral stress? Here, we discuss examples of cellular and molecular mechanisms within disparate parts of the nervous system as contributors to such resilience. In some especially well-studied humans, it is possible to identify particular neuronal cell typ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.007
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide (NO), one of the most important vascular signaling molecules, is primarily produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). eNOS is tightly regulated by its substrate l-arginine, cofactors and diverse interacting proteins. Interestingly, an NO synthase (NOS) was described within red blood cells (RBC NOS), and ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.05.002
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common internal malignancy affecting men and women in Western countries. Chronic intestinal inflammation, especially of the colon, is also a Western disease and correlates with a significantly increased risk of developing cancer. This has suggested that the immune pr...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02107-4
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently revised diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) emphasise the use of biomarkers, heralding a paradigm shift towards a more biological definition of the disorder. Currently available biomarkers offer added diagnostic accuracy in certain situations, but their performance in terms of early diagnostic ...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.001
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite advances in treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), patient prognosis remains poor. Although there is growing evidence that molecular targeting could translate into better survival for GBM, current clinical data show limited impact on survival. Recent progress in GBM genomics implicate several activated p...
journal_title:Trends in molecular medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.011
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00