Abstract:
:Background: The expansion of available vaccines in recent years has increased the overall costs of the vaccine program and put pressure on providers responsible for vaccination. In England in 2016-17, GP practices responsible for vaccinating their local population were paid £227 million. However, the costs to general practice of delivering the program and the factors influencing these costs are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the costs of delivering the routine vaccination program at GP practices in England, to identify organizational factors impacting costs, and to compare these to the funding received.Methods: Time Driven Activity Based Costing was undertaken at a convenience sample of nine geographically and socio-economically diverse GP practices in 2017-2018. Cost data were gathered for the preceding year using a survey and clinical and administrative staff kept activity logs for a 2-week period.Results: The mean cost of delivering a childhood vaccination appointment was £18.20 (range £9.71-£25.97) and an adult appointment cost £14.05 (range £7.59-£20.88), of which 75% was for staff, 24% for facility costs and 1% for consumables. Organizational factors contributing to lower costs include: shorter length of allocated appointment; greater use of administrative and reception staff; lower working time for practice manager and practice nurse; and use of health-care assistants for adult vaccinations. The costs identified are lower than payments at all practices.Conclusions: Funding received for vaccination activities was higher than costs at included practices. Several organizational factors have been identified that impact on program delivery costs that could be modified.
journal_name
Hum Vaccin Immunotherjournal_title
Human vaccines & immunotherapeuticsauthors
Crocker-Buque T,Mohan K,Ramsay M,Edelstein M,Mounier-Jack Sdoi
10.1080/21645515.2019.1619403subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-01 00:00:00pages
3016-3023issue
12eissn
2164-5515issn
2164-554Xjournal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Although catch-up campaigns (CCs) at the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) may accelerate their impact, supply constraints may limit their benefit if the need for additional PCV doses results in introduction delay. We studied the impact of PCV13 introduction with and without CC in Nha Trang, Vietn...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1467201
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health literacy skills are cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health'. Patients use these literacy skills to critically analyze information; to allow them to exert greater contr...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.29603
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The usual treatments for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), such as advanced lung adenocarcinoma, are unspecific and aggressive, and include lung resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, treatment with monoclonal antibodies and biological inhibitors has emerged as an effective alternative, ge...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1249551
更新日期:2017-04-03 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of seasonal influenza has been under-appreciated in Asia and surveillance data lags in most other regions. The variety of influenza circulation patterns in Asia - largely due to the range of climates - has also only recently been recognized and its effect on the burden of disease is not fully understood. Re...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1703455
更新日期:2020-07-02 00:00:00
abstract::DC-based therapeutic vaccines as a promising strategy against chronic infections and cancer have been validated in several clinical trials. However, DC-based vaccines are complex and require many in vitro manipulations, which makes this a personalized and expensive therapeutic approach. In contrast, DNA-based vaccines...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1020265
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics globally and influenza vaccination is most effective way to prevent the disease or severe outcomes from the illness, especially in developing countries. However, the majority of the world's total production capacity of influenza vaccine is concentrated in several large m...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.26715
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer immunotherapy has seen a tremendous number of failures and only few recent regulatory successes. This review is a first in a series dedicated to evaluate the status of current global clinical pipeline for cancer vaccines. Apart from specific areas of medical need which can be addressed by cancer vaccines, the a...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.20474
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Periodical assessments of population susceptibility to polioviruses (PV) is essential for evaluating population protection and planning appropriate vaccination strategies. The aim of the current work was to assess serological protective titers against all three polioviruses in the general population of Flore...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1475812
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Group A rotavirus (RV-A) genotypes isolated in Malaysia was studied to estimate the effectiveness of a universal RV-A vaccination in Malaysia. A simple mathematical model was used, with input from a two-year, two-center, prospective study on hospitalization of RV-A gastroenteritis (RVGE) in young children, published d...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/hv.21577
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical scientific societies have the core mission of producing, pooling and disseminating solid and updated scientific information. We report the successful experience of the partnership of four national Medical Scientific Societies active in Italy in producing scientific advice on vaccines and vaccination. In partic...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1366394
更新日期:2017-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::Following the introduction of universal immunization against rotavirus, concerns were raised regarding pathogen-replacement of rotavirus by norovirus. The study aim was to examine the incidence and characteristics and norovirus gastroenteritis before and after the introduction of universal rotavirus immunization in Is...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1599522
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play an important role in stimulating an immune response of both CD4(+) T helper cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). As such, DCs have been studied extensively in cancer immunotherapy for their capability to induce a specific anti...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.29110
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a stepping stone toward evaluation in infants, the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational 12-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (12vPHiD-CV) was assessed in toddlers. 12vPHiD-CV contains CRM197-conjugated capsular polysaccharides of serotypes 6A and 19A in a...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1810493
更新日期:2020-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::The Maternal Neonatal Tetanus Elimination program is proof of concept for the feasibility and potential for maternal immunization to reduce neonatal mortality particularly in low and middle-income countries. Introduction of any additional vaccine into the antenatal space, such as Influenza and Pertussis, and potential...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1564433
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine may be associated with excess female deaths. There are few studies of possible nonspecific effects of the DTP-containing vaccine Penta (DTP-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b). We therefore investigated whether Penta vaccinations were associated with excess female deat...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1763084
更新日期:2020-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause genital warts and HPV-related cancer.People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)are more symptomatic for HPV infections.Campos dos Goytacazes,a municipality of Rio de Janeiro,introduced the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV)for HIV-positive women four years before initiatio...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1799666
更新日期:2020-09-22 00:00:00
abstract::Since the introduction of DNA vaccines two decades ago, this attractive strategy has been hampered by its low immunogenicity in humans. Studies conducted to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines have shown that understanding the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines might be the key to successfully improving their ...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.25893
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kawasaki disease (KD) after rotavirus and hepatitis A vaccination has not previously been reported in a baby in China. Herein, we describe a 20-month-old child who developed Kawasaki disease after receiving her second dose of Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR) and her first dose of freeze-dried live attenuated hepat...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1050571
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unvaccinated animal science and veterinary students are at risk of Q fever, a vaccine-preventable zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. We investigated students' perspectives on Q fever prevention using a One Health approach combining animal, human and environmental health. Animal science and veterinary...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1829900
更新日期:2020-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types are responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancers. Cervarix® and Gardasil® 9 are the current prophylactic vaccines available that protect against the majority of HPVs associated with cancer. Although these vaccines are highly effective, HPV vaccine implementation has b...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1593727
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effective protective HIV vaccine should elicit either protective antibodies or effective T cell response, or both. To improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines, HLA polymorphism and HIV-1 diversity are 2 key factors to be considered for vaccine development. In this study, we expressed a recombinant multi-epitope prot...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1281488
更新日期:2017-06-03 00:00:00
abstract::Allergen-specific IgG produced by immune mothers is associated with less predisposition to allergy development in their children. This finding has been described by several groups over the last few decades, but the mechanisms by which maternal IgG can inhibit allergy development are still not fully understood. With th...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1244592
更新日期:2017-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are recommended in the elderly to reduce life-threatening complications like sepsis. Protection may be reduced with increasing age. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of both vaccines in the elderly by performing a retrospective cohort study of 138,877 individuals aged ≥60 y i...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1845525
更新日期:2021-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious public health concern in most of Asia. The disease is caused by JE virus (JEV), a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Several vaccines have been developed to control JE in endemic areas as well as to protect travelers and military personnel who visit or are commissioned ...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1285472
更新日期:2017-06-03 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Economic evaluations on influenza vaccination from low resource settings are scarce and have not been evaluated using a systematic approach. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review on the value for money of influenza vaccination in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS:PubMed and EMBASE were se...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/hv.24704
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumococci are capable of vaccine escape by genetic recombination at the targeted capsular locus, significantly reducing long-term vaccine effectiveness. Recently, efforts have been redirected to understanding pneumococcal biology related to potential next-generation vaccine candidates. A variety of serotype-independ...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1021521
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::While most pathogens infect via mucosal surfaces, most current vaccines are delivered by injection. This situation remains despite awareness of the potential benefits of mucosal delivery for inducing protection against mucosa-infecting pathogens. A major obstacle to the development of such vaccines is the paucity of s...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/21645515.2014.990859
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The licensed meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, 4CMenB (Bexsero(®)), contains recombinant membrane proteins (rMenB) and outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of the New Zealand serogroup B strain. We investigated whether reducing the OMV and/or protein content influences 4CMenB immunogenicity and reactogenicity in healthy two...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.4161/hv.29218
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of seasonal allergic rhinitis in the western world is high and increasing. Besides considerably affecting physical and psychosocial aspects of patients' lives, allergic rhinitis is often associated with allergic asthma and may aggravate this condition over time. Specific immunotherapy is currently the o...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/hv.24631
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in China aims to prevent HPV infection in all women. The issues that China might face include high cost of vaccines made in other countries, shortage in HPV vaccine supply, negative events attributed to vaccination (whether justified or not) that jeopardizes t...
journal_title:Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1611157
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00