Abstract:
:Introduction: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now recognized as a chronic proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that aggravates insulin resistance, oxidative injury, and cardiovascular risk. MetS is more prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototype of systemic autoimmune disease associated with premature atherosclerosis that cannot be accounted by traditional vascular risk factors alone. Dysregulation of the cytokines and adipokines is a common feature in both SLE and MetS, suggesting a complex relationship among autoimmunity, obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Areas covered: This review summarizes the prevalence of MetS and its effect on cardiovascular outcome and organ damage in patients with SLE. The pathophysiology of MetS and its relevance to SLE is also briefly discussed. Expert opinion: Imbalance of adipokine production in MetS contributes to inflammation and atherosclerosis. MetS predisposes SLE patients to new cardiovascular events and vascular mortality, as well as the development of chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. However, conflicting results have been reported in the literature regarding the levels of the proinflammatory leptin and anti-inflammatory adiponectin, and their relationship with disease activity in SLE patients. While lifestyle modifications and targeting dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus is essential, there is little information on the efficacy and safety of metformin and hydroxychloroquine in alleviating insulin resistance in SLE or MetS. Further research on adipokines in SLE and the role of anti-obesity medications and probiotics in MetS is necessary.
journal_name
Expert Rev Clin Immunoljournal_title
Expert review of clinical immunologyauthors
Mok CCdoi
10.1080/1744666X.2019.1620601subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-07-01 00:00:00pages
765-775issue
7eissn
1744-666Xissn
1744-8409journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:INTRODUCTION:Biological agents have transformed psoriasis treatment by selectively targeting immune signaling molecules involved in psoriasis pathogenesis. While biologics offer the most effective treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, they are not without complications. Some patients treated with biologics have po...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1202115
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibody present in the transplant recipient that yields a positive crossmatch with donor cells has long been considered a contraindication and an absolute barrier to transplantation. However, improved methods of antibody detection and characterization have shown that some reactivity with donor cells may be inconseque...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
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doi:10.1586/eci.10.14
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abstract:INTRODUCTION:High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein belonging to the alarmin family. HMGB1 has a relevant role in starting the inflammatory cascade by means of receptors, such as RAGE and TLR. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors, including NF-kB. Th...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1752668
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent epidemiological studies estimated that more than 30% of European suffer from allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, while up to 20% suffer from asthma and 15% from allergic skin conditions, while for many other regions the prevalence is increasing. Allergen immunotherapy represents the only available treatment th...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2015.977260
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition that requires long-term treatment. The first-line therapy remains 5-aminosalicylic acid, which is available in several different formulations and dosing schedules. Several studies have demonstrated that adherence rates to prescribed 5-aminosalicylic acid products are below tho...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/eci.10.28
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: The present status of amifampridine (AFP) for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is reviewed. Areas covered: All relevant literature identified through a PubMed search under treatment of LEMS, aminopyridine, and amifampridine are reviewed. An expert opinion on AFP was formulated. E...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1670061
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder that can affect every organ system and cause a wide range of signs and symptoms. The precise pathogenic mechanism of disease remains uncertain, but it is clearly complex and involves the activation and deregulation of many components of the immune system. Certain ...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2015.1078237
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by T-cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas. Genetic and immunological evidence from humans and mouse models indicates that CD4(+) T cells play a crucial role in the development and prevention of T1D. The dichotomy between CD4(+) T regulatory and e...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/1744666X.3.4.557
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors. Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and i...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1212660
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Psoriasis is a complex disease in which the alteration of the IL-23/Th17 axis appears to be crucial for its pathogenic mechanisms, and anti-IL17 agents are rapidly becoming important therapeutic tools. Brodalumab, a fully human Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) anti-IL-17RA monocl...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1246957
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease occurring in 6-39% of patients with psoriasis. Standard therapy of PsA includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular steroids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Failure of standard therapy is an indication for anti-TNF-alpha the...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/eci.09.50
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mounting evidence suggests insulin is an important and potentially initiating antigen in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. High-affinity insulin antibodies are found early in disease development and appear to predict progression. Insulin is the only Type 1 diabetes auto-antigen with exclusive pancreatic expression ...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/1744666X.5.1.55
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: The majority of the patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) achieve remission with effective induction therapy. Therefore, prevention of relapses and avoiding long-term damage and treatment-related toxicity are major challenges.Areas covered: This review ...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1693260
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In current clinical practice, immune reactivity of kidney transplant recipients is estimated by monitoring the levels of immunosuppressive drugs, and by functional and/or histological evaluation of the allograft. The availability of assays that could directly quantify the extent of the recipient's immune response towa...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/eci.09.36
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) represents a prevalent chronic esophageal disorder. Since the condition was first described, its pathophysiology has been known to have an immune-allergic origin, but the high response rate to dietary therapies based on feeding patients exclusively with amino acid-based elemental formula...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2014.856263
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Allergic conditions such as asthma and atopic dermatitis have a high prevalence but represent a heterogeneous group of diseases despite similar clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology. A better understanding of the phenotypes and endotypes of these diseases has driven rapid development of biol...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2018.1459188
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of i...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1620602
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past years have seen the publication of several studies on seronegative spondylarthritides (SpA) and cardiovascular risk as a result of new insights into the connection between inflammation and atherogenesis. Although the overall cardiovascular disease is a complex entity, chronic inflammation of SpA is known to c...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2014.875468
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evaluation of: Tseng CE, Buyon JP, Kim M et al. The effect of moderate-dose corticosteroids in preventing severe flares in patients with serologically active, but clinically stable, systemic lupus erythematosus: findings of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3623-36...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
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journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2016.1147957
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune diseases are caused by pathogenic antibody and/or T-cell responses that are left unchecked by regulatory immune mechanisms. Recent studies in immunology have focused on subsets of regulatory T cells (T(regs)) that can suppress autoimmune responses. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T(r...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2.5.745
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant complication that greatly enhances morbidity and mortality associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Key immunoregulatory molecules have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GVHD, but the mechanisms by which these molecules affect the incidence an...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leptospirosis is re-emerging as a worldwide zoonosis and is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Human leptospirosis is associated with high temperature and humidity. Laboratory tests are indispensible for the early diagnosis and proper disease management. The demand for suitable leptospirosis point-of-care dia...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Secukinumab, an interleukin-17A (IL-17A) antagonist, is the first non-TNF alpha inhibitor agent licensed for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which opens up a new era of alternative cytokine targets beyond TNF. Areas covered: This review explores the pathophysiology and scientific evidence behind the use of th...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1561281
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent thyroid autoimmune disorder, characterized by the presence of specific thyroid autoantibodies (TAb). The development of autoimmunity, including TAb production and clinical presentation of HT, is determined by a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and several e...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/1744666X.3.2.217
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO) cascade governs the generation of 12-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) and 15-HPETE from arachidonic acid. The 5-LO pathway plays a fundamental role in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, essential inflammatory lipid mediators. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 biosynthetic pathways are r...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2.4.649
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Biologic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in recent years because of their high efficacy and low risk of toxicity. However, even within the group of biologic therapies, there are differences related to the different mechanisms of action. Areas covered: We review the m...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Severe active refractory ulcerative colitis is a potentially life-threatening disease. The introduction of intensive steroid treatment and early surgery has reduced mortality in recent years. Ciclosporin and infliximab are effective rescue therapies in steroid refractory colitis. A head-to-head study proposed by Lahar...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1586/eci.13.34
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In cross-sectional studies, vitamin D deficiency is frequent in spondyloarthritic patients and associated with increased spondyloarthritis (SpA) activity and structural damage. Experimental studies also show that vitamin D interferes with molecular pathways critically involved in SpA, especially regarding entheseal in...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/1744666X.2014.972944
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pathological similarities between sarcoidosis (SA) and tuberculosis (TB) suggest that mycobacterial antigen(s), in genetically different predisposed hosts, may be a cause of SA. The authors' work and other published comparative analyses of HLA and non-HLA alleles in patients with SA or TB from different ethnic groups ...
journal_title:Expert review of clinical immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/eci.13.8
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00