Abstract:
:The shifting baseline syndrome describes a gradual lowering of human cognitive baselines, as each generation accepts a lower standard of resource abundance or size as the new norm. There is strong empirical evidence of declining trends of abundance and body sizes of marine fish species reported from docks and markets. We asked whether these widespread trends in shrinking marine fish are detectable in popular English-language media, or whether news writers, like many marine stakeholders, are captive to shifting baselines. We collected 266 English-language news articles, printed between 1869 and 2015, which featured headlines that used a superlative adjective, such as 'giant', 'huge', or 'monster', to describe an individual fish caught. We combined the reported sizes of the captured fish with information on maximum species-specific recorded sizes to reconstruct trends of relative size (reported size divided by maximum size) of newsworthy fishes over time. We found some evidence of a shifting baseline syndrome in news media over the last 140 years: overall, the relative length of the largest fish worthy of a headline has declined over time. This pattern held for charismatic fish species (e.g. basking sharks, whale sharks, giant mantas), which are now reported in the media at smaller relative lengths than they were near the turn of the 20th century, and for the largest species under high risk of extinction. In contrast, there was no similar trend for pelagic gamefish and oceanic sharks, or for species under lower risk of extinction. While landing any individual of the large-bodied 'megafish' may be newsworthy in part because of their large size relative to other fish species, the 'megafish' covered in our dataset were small relative to their own species-on average only 56% of the species-specific maximum length. The continued use in the English-language media of superlatives to describe fish that are now a fraction of the maximum size they could reach, or a fraction of the size they used to be, does reflect a shifting baseline for some species. Given that media outlets are a powerful tool for shaping public perception and awareness of environmental issues, there is a real concern that such stories might be interpreted as meaning that superlatively large fish still abound.
journal_name
PeerJjournal_title
PeerJauthors
Francis FT,Howard BR,Berchtold AE,Branch TA,Chaves LCT,Dunic JC,Favaro B,Jeffrey KM,Malpica-Cruz L,Maslowski N,Schultz JA,Smith NS,Côté IMdoi
10.7717/peerj.6395subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-02-15 00:00:00pages
e6395issn
2167-8359pii
6395journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
PeerJ文献大全abstract::Closed cerebral hemorrhage (CCH) is a common symptom in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients who suffer intracranial hemorrhage with the dura mater remaining intact. The diagnosis of CCH patients prior to hospitalization and in the early stage of the disease can help patients get earlier treatments that improve outco...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.6717
更新日期:2019-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::Researchers often need to consider the practical significance of a relationship. For example, interpreting the magnitude of an effect size or establishing bounds in equivalence testing requires knowledge of the meaningfulness of a relationship. However, there has been little research exploring the degree of relationsh...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.6853
更新日期:2019-05-14 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Despite clinical trials with antioxidant supplementation, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins and minerals, and none have reported on the status of these serum antioxidants associated with the dietary intake of antioxidants by non-alcoholic fatty liver d...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9838
更新日期:2020-09-17 00:00:00
abstract:Background and Objective:Docker is a light containerization program that shows almost the same performance as a local environment. Recently, many bioinformatics tools have been distributed as Docker images that include complex settings such as libraries, configurations, and data if needed, as well as the actual tools. ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.5954
更新日期:2018-11-27 00:00:00
abstract:Background:The coral genus Acropora contains more than 150 species with very high morphological diversity. This high diversity may have been caused by repeated hybridization via mass spawning. However, we have little information whether hybrids are formed in these corals. Identifying morphological differences between h...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.6429
更新日期:2019-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Dinocephalian therapsids are renowned for their massive, pachyostotic and ornamented skulls adapted for head-to-head fighting during intraspecific combat. Synchrotron scanning of the tapinocephalid Moschops capensis reveals, for the first time, numerous anatomical adaptations of the central nervous system related to t...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3496
更新日期:2017-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to accurately identify and label emotions in the self and others is crucial for successful social interactions and good mental health. In the current study we tested the longitudinal relationship between early language skills and recognition of facial and vocal emotion cues in a representative UK populatio...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9118
更新日期:2020-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::Heterotrophic plants-plants that have lost the ability to photosynthesize-are characterized by a number of changes at all levels of organization. Heterotrophic plants are divided into two large categories-parasitic and mycoheterotrophic (MHT). The question of to what extent such changes are similar in these two catego...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9309
更新日期:2020-06-19 00:00:00
abstract:Background:In the predator-sea urchin-macrophyte trophic cascade, the ecological effect of sea urchins as grazers depends both on their density and the changes in foraging activity, which are influenced by various disturbing factors. However, the complete duration of the alarm reactions of echinoids has not been studie...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.8087
更新日期:2019-11-22 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:Mountain ranges in the tropics are characterised by high levels of localised endemism, often-aberrant evolutionary trajectories, and some of the world's most diverse regional biotas. Here we investigate the evolution of montane endemism, ecology and body size in a clade of direct-developing frogs (Choerophryne, Mi...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3077
更新日期:2017-03-30 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Periodization is an important component of resistance training programs. It is meant to improve adherence to the training regimen, allow for constant progression, help in avoiding plateaus, and reduce occurrence and severity of injuries. Previous findings regarding the effects of different periodization mode...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3695
更新日期:2017-08-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Rare or narrowly endemic organisms are difficult to monitor and conserve when their total distribution and habitat preferences are incompletely known. One method employed in determining distributions of these organisms is species distribution modeling (SDM). METHODS:Using two species of narrowly endemic bur...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3632
更新日期:2017-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ultimately leads to death. At present, there are no definitive therapies towards LN, so that illuminating the molecular mechanism behind the disease has become an urgent ta...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7722
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Wearable activity trackers are regarded as a new opportunity to deliver health promotion interventions. Indeed, while the prediction of active behaviors is currently primarily relying on the processing of accelerometer sensor data, the emergence of smart clothes with multi-sensing capacities is offering new ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10170
更新日期:2020-10-28 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Reward seeking and avoidance of punishment are key motivational processes. Brain-imaging studies often use the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT) to evaluate motivational processes involved in maladaptive behavior. Although the bulk of research has been done on the MIDT reward events, little is known about...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.4749
更新日期:2018-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::Frogs are characterized by a morphology that has been suggested to be related to their unique jumping specialization. Yet, the functional demands associated with jumping and swimming may not be that different as suggested by studies with semi-aquatic frogs. Here, we explore whether features previously identified as in...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.661
更新日期:2014-11-04 00:00:00
abstract::Small interference RNA has been widely used to suppress gene expression. Three different short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1), driven by mouse U6 promoter in self-complementary AAV8 vector (scAAV8), were used to silence mouse striatal Drd1 expression. Transduction of mouse striatum with all ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3905
更新日期:2017-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Background/Aim. Exercise designed to condition the lumbar extensor musculature is often included in resistance training (RT) programs. It is suggested that deconditioning of this musculature may be linked to low back pain. Thus effective means of conditioning these muscles are of interest to pursue. Evidence suggests ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.878
更新日期:2015-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::Dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are widely recognised as important providers of multiple ecosystem services and are currently experiencing revisions that have improved our understanding of higher-level relationships in the subfamily. However, the study of phylogenetic relationships at the level of genus or ...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7332
更新日期:2019-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::Sea cucumbers possess the remarkable capacity to regenerate their body parts or organs. Regeneration of host organs and/or body parts involves reconstruction of the host associated microbiota, however, the dynamics and contribution of microbiota to the regeneration process are largely unknown due to a lack of experime...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10260
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genome rearrangements have played an important role in the evolution of Yersinia pestis from its progenitor Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Traditional phylogenetic trees for Y. pestis based on sequence comparison have short internal branches and low bootstrap supports as only a small number of nucleotide substitutions h...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.4545
更新日期:2018-03-27 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Although the postural instability accompanying bilateral vestibular loss in human and quadrupeds during lateral head movements are well-known, it is still unclear whether or not lateral head turns would indeed activate the postural control system to maintain balance. This study aimed to examine the kinetic p...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.8186
更新日期:2019-12-12 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a transcription factor and the main regulator of iron acquisition in prokaryotes. When bound to ferric iron, Fur recognizes its DNA binding site and generally executes its function by repressing transcription of its target genes. Due to its importance in virulence, the Fu...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3461
更新日期:2017-07-13 00:00:00
abstract::RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) enables the measurement and comparison of gene expression with isoform-level quantification. Differences in the effect of each isoform may make traditional methods, which aggregate isoforms, ineffective. Here, we introduce a variance component-based test that can jointly test multiple isoforms...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.3797
更新日期:2017-09-08 00:00:00
abstract::Because microorganisms are sensitive to temperature, ongoing global warming is predicted to influence microbial community structure and function. We used large-scale warming experiments established at two sites near the northern and southern boundaries of US eastern deciduous forests to explore how microbial communiti...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.358
更新日期:2014-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::According to current molecular evidence, the Chionaspis pinifoliae heterophyllae species complex has been recognized as 10 cryptic species. In this study, we construct potential distribution maps for seven cryptic species based on climatic variables. This was done to assess the main environmental factors that have con...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.7042
更新日期:2019-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::Weaning is an important event for all mammals, including young forest musk deer. However, weaning stress may cause intestinal microbiota-related disorders. Therefore, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to study the dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota during pre-weaning (10 days before weaning) a...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.8923
更新日期:2020-04-13 00:00:00
abstract::Gymnosperms such as ginkgo, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes are vital components of land ecosystems, and they have significant economic and ecologic value, as well as important roles as forest vegetation. In this study, we investigated the structural variation and evolution of chloroplast transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in gy...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.10312
更新日期:2020-11-25 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Quality of life is an important health outcome for older persons. It predicts the adverse outcomes of institutionalization and premature death. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the influence of both disability in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily livi...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.5425
更新日期:2018-08-09 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging tool for monitoring invasive and imperiled species, particularly at low densities. However, the factors that control eDNA production, transport, and persistence in aquatic systems remain poorly understood. For example, the extent to which carcasses produce detectable eDNA is unk...
journal_title:PeerJ
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7717/peerj.9333
更新日期:2020-06-11 00:00:00