Humans incorporate attention-dependent uncertainty into perceptual decisions and confidence.

abstract：:Seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios are biogeochemical parameters reflecting the Earth-ocean-atmosphere dynamic exchange of elements. The ratios' dependence on the environment and organisms' biology facilitates their application in marine sciences. Here, we present a measured single-laboratory dataset, combined with previ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lebrato M,Garbe-Schönberg D,Müller MN,Blanco-Ameijeiras S,Feely RA,Lorenzoni L,Molinero JC,Bremer K,Jones DOB,Iglesias-Rodriguez D,Greeley D,Lamare MD,Paulmier A,Graco M,Cartes J,Barcelos E Ramos J,de Lara A,Sanchez-Lea

更新日期：2020-09-08 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed an efficient, versatile, and user-friendly viral engineering and expression system that is based on in planta assembly of functional viral vectors from separate pro-vector modules. With this new system, instead of supplying a plant cell with a complete viral vector as a mature viral particle, an RNA ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Marillonnet S,Giritch A,Gils M,Kandzia R,Klimyuk V,Gleba Y

更新日期：2004-05-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Rational engineering methods can be applied with reasonable success to optimize physicochemical characteristics of proteins, in particular, antibodies. Here, we describe a combined CDR3 walking randomization and rational design-based approach to enhance the affinity of the human anti-gastrin TA4 scFv. The application ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Barderas R,Desmet J,Timmerman P,Meloen R,Casal JI

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When light-grown seedlings of amaranth are transferred to total darkness, synthesis of the large subunit (LS) and small subunit (SS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [RbuP(2)Case; 3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] is rapidly depressed. This reduction in RbuP(2)Case synthesis occurs i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Berry JO,Carr JP,Klessig DF

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present study we have observed that interleukin (IL) 1 alpha or IL-1 beta directly induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the latently infected human promonocytic cell line U1. In addition, IL-1 synergized with IL-6, but not with tumor necrosis factor, in the upregulation of virus expressio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Poli G,Kinter AL,Fauci AS

更新日期：1994-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:There is evidence that interstitial telomere (TTAGGG)n-like sequences at chromosome 2 fragile sites play an important role in the somatic events that characterize the earliest phases of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in the CBA/H mouse. Here we show that the highly inbred CBA/H colony unexpectedly contains f...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Silver A,Cox R

更新日期：1993-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Hookworms are hematophagous nematodes that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. There has been speculation for nearly a century as to the identity of the anticoagulant substances) used by these organisms to subvert host hemostasis. Using molecular cloning, we describe a family of potent small prot...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Stassens P,Bergum PW,Gansemans Y,Jespers L,Laroche Y,Huang S,Maki S,Messens J,Lauwereys M,Cappello M,Hotez PJ,Lasters I,Vlasuk GP

更新日期：1996-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Hoxb13 is robustly transcribed in derivatives of posterior endoderm including the colon, rectum, and the prostate gland. Transcriptional activity in the prostate persists unabated under conditions of androgen deprivation and throughout the course of disease progression in a mouse prostate cancer model. To elucidate th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： McMullin RP,Dobi A,Mutton LN,Orosz A,Maheshwari S,Shashikant CS,Bieberich CJ

更新日期：2010-01-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The modern Old World Monkeys (Superfamily Cercopithecoidea, Family Cercopithecidae) can be traced back into the late Miocene, but their origin and subsequent diversification is obscured by the scarcity of terrestrial fossil sites in Africa between 15 and 6 Ma. Here, we document the presence of cercopithecids at 12.5 M...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rossie JB,Gilbert CC,Hill A

更新日期：2013-04-09 00:00:00

abstract：:A protein of 87 kilodaltons (87 kDa) was previously identified as a major specific substrate for protein kinase C in neuronal and other tissues. We have now studied the effect of protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation of this protein on its association with membranes in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wang JK,Walaas SI,Sihra TS,Aderem A,Greengard P

更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In many human cancers, tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements are known to create chimeric products with the ability to transform cells. The EWS/WT1 protein is such a fusion product, resulting from a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation in desmoplastic small round cell tumors, where 265 aa from the EWS amino terminus...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kim J,Lee JM,Branton PE,Pelletier J

更新日期：1999-12-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Mouse teratocarcinoma cells induced to differentiate in vitro undergo a massive (30%) demethylation of DNA. A similar undermethylation is also observed in the mouse extraembryonic membranes, the yolk sac and placenta. In both cases, the decrease in methyl moieties occurs at a large number of CpG sites spread out over ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Razin A,Webb C,Szyf M,Yisraeli J,Rosenthal A,Naveh-Many T,Sciaky-Gallili N,Cedar H

更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Levinthal's paradox is that finding the native folded state of a protein by a random search among all possible configurations can take an enormously long time. Yet proteins can fold in seconds or less. Mathematical analysis of a simple model shows that a small and physically reasonable energy bias against locally unfa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zwanzig R,Szabo A,Bagchi B

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In sexual populations, selection operates neither on the whole genome, which is repeatedly taken apart and reassembled by recombination, nor on individual alleles that are tightly linked to the chromosomal neighborhood. The resulting interference between linked alleles reduces the efficiency of selection and distorts ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Neher RA,Kessinger TA,Shraiman BI

更新日期：2013-09-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The synthesis of the covalently-closed, circular DNA form of colicinogenic factor E(1) (ColE(1)) continues in Escherichia coli cells after the addition of chloramphenicol. A large portion of the purified supercoiled ColE(1) DNA molecules made in the presence of chloramphenicol are converted to the open circular DNA fo...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Blair DG,Sherratt DJ,Clewell DB,Helinski DR

更新日期：1972-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A general model for the contractility of cells is presented that accounts for the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton. The model is motivated by three key biochemical processes: (i) an activation signal that triggers actin polymerization and myosin phosphorylation, (ii) the tension-dependent assembly of the act...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Deshpande VS,McMeeking RM,Evans AG

更新日期：2006-09-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of variability in the tropical atmosphere on intraseasonal timescales and planetary spatial scales. Despite the primary importance of the MJO and the decades of research progress since its original discovery, a generally accepted theory for its essential mechani...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Majda AJ,Stechmann SN

更新日期：2009-05-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered and regulated by structural rearrangement of the transmembrane heptahelical bundle containing a number of highly conserved residues. In rhodopsin, a prototypical GPCR, the helical bundle accommodates an intrinsic inverse-agonist 11-cis-retinal, which under...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Okada T,Fujiyoshi Y,Silow M,Navarro J,Landau EM,Shichida Y

更新日期：2002-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The genomes of hyperthermophilic Archaea encode dozens of methylation guide, C/D box small RNAs that guide 2'-O-methylation of ribose to specific sites in rRNA and various tRNAs. The genes encoding the Sulfolobus homologues of eukaryotic proteins that are known to be present in C/D box small nucleolar ribonucleoprotei...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Omer AD,Ziesche S,Ebhardt H,Dennis PP

更新日期：2002-04-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Most higher plants develop severe toxicity symptoms when grown on ammonium (NH(4)(+)) as the sole nitrogen source. Recently, NH(4)(+) toxicity has been implicated as a cause of forest decline and even species extinction. Although mechanisms underlying NH(4)(+) toxicity have been extensively sought, the primary events ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Britto DT,Siddiqi MY,Glass AD,Kronzucker HJ

更新日期：2001-03-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal mammary epithelial cells from BALB/cfC3H midpregnant mice were freed from stromal cell types by Percoll density gradient centrifugation after collagenase digestion and were then embedded within collagen gels. Sustained growth leading to an increase in cell number was accomplished in response to cholera toxin an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yang J,Richards J,Guzman R,Imagawa W,Nandi S

更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sleep is recognized as a physiological state associated with learning, with studies showing that knowledge acquisition improves with naps. Little work has examined sleep-dependent learning in people with developmental disorders, for whom sleep quality is often impaired. We examined the effect of natural, in-home naps ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Spanò G,Gómez RL,Demara BI,Alt M,Cowen SL,Edgin JO

更新日期：2018-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a high mortality in patients with diabetes and severe pressure ulcers. For example, chronic pressure sores of the heels often lead to limb loss in diabetic patients. A major factor underlying this is reduced neovascularization caused by impaired activity of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1 ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Duscher D,Neofytou E,Wong VW,Maan ZN,Rennert RC,Inayathullah M,Januszyk M,Rodrigues M,Malkovskiy AV,Whitmore AJ,Walmsley GG,Galvez MG,Whittam AJ,Brownlee M,Rajadas J,Gurtner GC

更新日期：2015-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Promoters whose temporal activity can be directly manipulated in transgenic animals provide a tool for the study of gene functions in vivo. We have evaluated a tetracycline-responsive binary system for its ability to temporally control gene expression in transgenic mice. In this system, a tetracycline-controlled trans...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Furth PA,St Onge L,Böger H,Gruss P,Gossen M,Kistner A,Bujard H,Hennighausen L

更新日期：1994-09-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteasome activator PA200 enhances proteasome-mediated cleavage after acidic residues in vitro; however, its role within cells is not known. Here, we show that, in response to ionizing radiation, PA200 forms hybrid proteasomes with 19S caps and 20S core proteasomes that accumulate on chromatin, leading to an increase...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Blickwedehl J,Agarwal M,Seong C,Pandita RK,Melendy T,Sung P,Pandita TK,Bangia N

更新日期：2008-10-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The tails of newborn rats, consisting of slender continuous cones of avascular cartilage, were transplanted in subcutaneous spaces of allogeneic adolescents; colloidal carbon was injected in a vein before the transplants were harvested on days 7-28. Between 97 and 100% of the transplants were accepted, underwent diffe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huggins CB,Anderson KP

更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K (mitoK(ATP)) channels play a central role in protecting the heart from injury in ischemic preconditioning. In isolated mitochondria exposed to elevated extramitochondrial Ca, P(i), and anoxia to simulate ischemic conditions, the selective mitoK(ATP) channel agonist diazoxide (25-50 microM...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Korge P,Honda HM,Weiss JN

更新日期：2002-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The Fbw7 (F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7) ubiquitin ligase targets multiple oncoproteins for degradation and is commonly mutated in cancers. Like other pleiotropic tumor suppressors, Fbw7's complex biology has impeded our understanding of how Fbw7 mutations promote tumorigenesis and hindered the development of t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Davis RJ,Gönen M,Margineantu DH,Handeli S,Swanger J,Hoellerbauer P,Paddison PJ,Gu H,Raftery D,Grim JE,Hockenbery DM,Margolin AA,Clurman BE

更新日期：2018-05-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) contributes to approximately 80% of all Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. MCV-positive MCC expresses small T antigen (ST) and a truncated form of large T antigen (LT) and usually contains wild-type p53 (TP53) and RB (RB1). In contras...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Park DE,Cheng J,Berrios C,Montero J,Cortés-Cros M,Ferretti S,Arora R,Tillgren ML,Gokhale PC,DeCaprio JA

更新日期：2019-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The substance P (SP)-preferring receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) has two forms: a full-length receptor consisting of 407 aa and a truncated receptor consisting of 311 aa. These two receptors differ in the length of the C terminus of NK-1R. We studied the undifferentiated and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-diffe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lai JP,Ho WZ,Kilpatrick LE,Wang X,Tuluc F,Korchak HM,Douglas SD

更新日期：2006-05-16 00:00:00