Abstract：
:The incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) increases with age. Lately, the diagnosis of NET was mainly caused by early detection of small NET (<1 cm) in the rectum and stomach, which are depicted by chance during routine and prophylactic endoscopy. Also in patients with large and metastatic pancreatic and intestinal tumors thorough pathologic investigation with use of different immunohistologic markers discovers more neuroendocrine tumors with low differentiation grade (G2-G3) and more neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC), nowadays, than in former times. While gastric and rectal NET are discovered as small (<1 cm in diameter) and mainly highly differentiated tumors, demonstrating lymph node metastases in less than 10% of the patients, the majority of pancreatic and small bowel NET have already metastasized at the time of diagnosis. This is of clinical importance, since tumor stage and differentiation grade not only influence prognosis but also surgical procedure and may define whether a combination of surgery with systemic biologic therapy, chemotherapy or local cytoreductive procedures may be used. The indication for surgery and the preferred surgical procedure will have to consider personal risk factors of each patient (i.e. general health, additional illnesses, etc.) and tumor specific factors (i.e. tumor stage, grade of differentiation, functional activity, mass and variety of loco regional as well as distant metastases etc.). Together they define, whether radical curative or only palliative surgery can be applied. Altogether surgery is the only cure for locally advanced NET and helps to increase quality of life and overall survival in many patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. The question of cure versus palliative therapy sometimes only can be answered with time, however. Many different aspects and various questions concerning the indication and extent of surgery and the best therapeutic procedure are still unanswered. Therefore, a close multidisciplinary cooperation of colleagues involved in biochemical and localization diagnostics and those active in various treatment areas is warranted to search for the optimal strategy in each individual patient. How far genetic screening impacts survival remains to be seen. Since surgeons do have a central role in the treatment of NET patients, they have to understand the need for integration into such an interdisciplinary team.
journal_name
Rev Endocr Metab Disordjournal_title
Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disordersauthors
Goretzki PE,Mogl MT,Akca A,Pratschke Jdoi
10.1007/s11154-018-9469-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-06-01 00:00:00pages
169-178issue
2eissn
1389-9155issn
1573-2606pii
10.1007/s11154-018-9469-9journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). One theory to explain this relationship proposes that OSA can induce systemic inflammation, thereby inducing CVD. This theory is based on the premise that obesity is a pro-inflammatory state, and that physiological derange...
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doi：10.1007/s11154-019-09503-1
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-018-9477-9
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9069-6
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9348-1
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-012-9215-7
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9342-7
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9357-0
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-011-9160-x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-010-9136-2
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9045-1
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
