Cholinesterase and phenyl valerate-esterase activities sensitive to organophosphorus compounds in membranes of chicken brain.

abstract：:Atrazine (ATZ) is used throughout North America to control annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in various crops including; corn, sorghum, and sugar cane. Unfortunately, contamination of surface and ground water has occurred as a result of ATZ's chemical and physical properties, and its widespread use throughout the U.S...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Karrow NA,McCay JA,Brown RD,Musgrove DL,Guo TL,Germolec DR,White KL Jr

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For the first time, kinetic parameters of the effect of tacrine, an anti-cholinesterase inhibitor of therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease has been studied on human retinal acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE). Tacrine inhibited the AChE activity in a concentration dependent manner, the IC(50) being about 45 nM. The Mi...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Alhomida AS,Al-Rajhi AA,Kamal MA,Al-Jafari AA

更新日期：2000-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：:This study is aimed to investigate the inflammation and neurological dysfunction induced by tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (TCBQ) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. We also investigated the protective role of melatonin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In vitro model was established by rat pheochr...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Fu J,Xia X,Liu Z,Wang Y,Wang Y,Shi Q,Song X,Song E,Song Y

更新日期：2017-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The urinary metabolites from repeated oral doses of 3.7 mg o-phenyl phenol (OPP) to mature and immature dogs and cats were studied. At both age levels, dogs excreted significantly more OPP as sulfate and glucuronide than did cats. Puppies produced 4 times the level of glucuronides than mature dogs. No such age differe...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Savides MC,Oehme FW

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The antidotal property of oximes is attributed to their ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OP) such as pesticides and nerve warfare agents. Understanding their interactions within the active site of phosphylated AChE is of great significance for the search for mo...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Katalinić M,Šinko G,Maček Hrvat N,Zorbaz T,Bosak A,Kovarik Z

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the clinical setting, antidotes are generally administered after the occurrence of a drug overdose. Therefore, the most pertinent evaluation of any new agent should model human exposure. This study tested whether acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity was reversed when S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) was administered a...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Terneus MV,Brown JM,Carpenter AB,Valentovic MA

更新日期：2008-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Previously, we evaluated the effects of lactational exposure to a representative mixture of the six indicator non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (∑6 NDL-PCBs) at low levels on the neurobiological changes and developmental/behavioral performances in mice. In this study, we analyzed the global gene expression pro...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Elnar AA,Desor F,Marin F,Soulimani R,Nemos C

更新日期：2015-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：:To meet the military objective of determining criteria for incapacitation and lethality from toxic gas exposures, a series of small animal tests and data analyses were conducted. Carbon monoxide (CO), a narcotic gas and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an irritant gas, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) were tested individually a...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Smith SM,Stuhmiller JH,Januszkiewicz AJ

更新日期：1996-12-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A13 is mainly expressed in the respiratory system and has the ability to metabolize aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). However, the role of CYP2A13-mediated AFB(1) metabolism and its consequences in human lung epithelial cell is not clear. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the si...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Yang XJ,Lu HY,Li ZY,Bian Q,Qiu LL,Li Z,Liu Q,Li J,Wang X,Wang SL

更新日期：2012-10-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The early neonatal stage constitutes a sensitive period during which exposure to adverse events can increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Maternal deprivation (MD) is a model of early life stress that induces long-term behavioural and physiological alterations, including susceptibility to different drugs of...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Llorente-Berzal A,Manzanedo C,Daza-Losada M,Valero M,López-Gallardo M,Aguilar MA,Rodríguez-Arias M,Miñarro J,Viveros MP

更新日期：2013-09-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by two sets of opposed processes: mitochondrial fusion and fission, and mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation (including mitophagy), as well as processes such as intracellular transport. These processes maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, regulate mitochondrial form, volume and ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Meyer JN,Leuthner TC,Luz AL

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A CYP3A4 promoter-reporter gene construct has been used to assess the ability of 16 known (in vivo) and putative (in vitro) inducers to transactivate a CYP3A4 reporter gene in HepG2 cells. With the exception of pravastatin, the remaining 15 compounds transactivated the CYP3A4 reporter gene with differing inductive abi...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Gibson GG,el-Sankary W,Plant NJ

更新日期：2002-12-27 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent epidemiological study showed an increased risk for bone fractures after chronic low-level cadmium exposure. This finding agrees with those of cadmium accumulation in rat bones after chronic oral exposure which reduced the mechanical strength of the bones. There are indications that ossicular cadmium uptake ma...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Hunder G,Javdani J,Elsenhans B,Schümann K

更新日期：2001-02-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Between the DNA sequences of two randomly-selected human genomes, which consist of over 3 billion base pairs and twenty five thousand genes, there exists only 0.1% variation and 99.9% sequence identity. During the last couple of decades, extensive genome-wide studies have investigated the association between single-nu...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Singh DP,Bagam P,Sahoo MK,Batra S

更新日期：2017-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present investigation the influence of gossypol on the male sex function and toxicology in the rat have been studied. Gossypol was injected daily for 5 weeks to adult male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain with 1 or 10 mg/kg body wt. The low dose of gossypol (1 mg/kg body wt.) did not have any effect on the fol...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Gåfvels M,Wang J,Bergh A,Damber JE,Selstam G

更新日期：1984-09-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DF) is associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and several other distinct hypersensitivity reactions. The mechanism(s) are unknown but evidence suggests both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune effector systems may be involved. In the present stud...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Gutting BW,Updyke LW,Amacher DE

更新日期：2002-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Experiments were designed to evaluate and compare metallothionein (MT), zinc and cadmium levels in human placentas of smoking and non-smoking women. Smoking was assessed by self-reported cigarette consumption and urine cotinine levels before delivery. Smoking pregnant women with urine cotinine levels higher than 130 n...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ronco AM,Arguello G,Suazo M,Llanos MN

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phthalate esters belong to a large class of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators (PP). PP include chemicals that activate different subtypes of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. The ability of phthalate esters and their metabolites to activate responses through different PPAR subtype...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Lapinskas PJ,Brown S,Leesnitzer LM,Blanchard S,Swanson C,Cattley RC,Corton JC

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human keratinocyte cell line, RHEK-1, was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benzoyl peroxide (BZP). As determined with the neutral red (NR) cytotoxicity assay, the 24-h midpoint (NR50) toxicity values, in mM, were 0.11 for BZP and 29.5 for benzoic acid, the stable metabolite of BZP. Irreversible cytotoxicity oc...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Babich H,Zuckerbraun HL,Wurzburger BJ,Rubin YL,Borenfreund E,Blau L

更新日期：1996-01-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Many models have been developed to predict the combined effect of drugs and chemicals. Most models are classified into two additive models: independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA). It is generally considered if the modes of action of chemicals are similar then the combined effect obeys CA; however, man...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Kamo M,Yokomizo H

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fungi which grow on human food source material. Consumption of OTA is almost unavoidable. The consumption leads to low but detectable amounts of OTA in human blood. Risk assessment of OTA is based on studies performed either in animals or cultured cells. So far, ma...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Schwerdt G,Holzinger H,Sauvant C,Königs M,Humpf HU,Gekle M

更新日期：2007-03-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Paraquat, a quarternary nitrogen herbicide, is a highly toxic compound for humans and animals and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades. The mechanisms of paraquat toxicity involve: the generation of the superoxide anion, which can lead to the formation of more toxic reac...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Suntres ZE

更新日期：2002-10-30 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an intensive debate whether dietary exposure to acrylamide could increase the risk of human cancer since the first description of the presence of acrylamide in food in 2002. As the intestinal mechanisms of acrylamide absorption are poorly investigated we studied the transport of acrylamide in differenti...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Zödl B,Schmid D,Wassler G,Gundacker C,Leibetseder V,Thalhammer T,Ekmekcioglu C

更新日期：2007-03-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research examines the effects of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on mouse primary calvarial osteoblasts (COBs). Incubation of the cells with 4-NP at 10(-5)M and 10(-6)M striking decreased osteoblasts viability and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, measured by Annexin V, was greatly enhanced. In addition, an up-regula...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Sabbieti MG,Agas D,Palermo F,Mosconi G,Santoni G,Amantini C,Farfariello V,Marchetti L

更新日期：2011-12-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperhomocysteinemia has been proposed as an important risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias and ischemia worldwide. However, the cellular mechanism underlying toxic effects of homocysteine on hearts remains conjectural. It is well known that aberrant sodium channels can promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias an...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Cai B,Shan L,Gong D,Pan Z,Ai J,Xu C,Lu Y,Yang B

更新日期：2009-02-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The cardiovascular effects of trazodone, a broad-spectrum antidepressant and its analogue etoperidone, were compared with imipramine, following intravenous infusion in rats. Their effects on electrocardiogram and blood pressure were simultaneously recorded until cardiac arrest. Hypotension was the primary effect of tr...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Lisciani R,Baldini A,Benedetti D,Campana A,Barcellona PS

更新日期：1978-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes, previously shown to reactivate brain cholinesterase in rats treated with high sublethal dosages of surrogates of sarin and VX, were tested for their ability to prevent mortality from lethal doses of these two surrogates. Rats were treated subcutaneously with 0.6mg/kg n...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Chambers JE,Meek EC,Bennett JP,Bennett WS,Chambers HW,Leach CA,Pringle RB,Wills RW

更新日期：2016-01-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Thimerosal (TH), an ethylmercury complex of thiosalicylic acid has been used as preservative in vaccines. In vitro neurotoxicity of TH at high nM concentrations has been reported. Although a number of toxicological experiments demonstrated high affinity of mercury to thiol groups of the extracellular amino acids and p...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Zieminska E,Toczylowska B,Stafiej A,Lazarewicz JW

更新日期：2010-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The organophosphorus nerve agent soman is an irreversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor that can produce long-lasting seizures and brain damage in which the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and glutamate are involved. These same neurotransmitters play key-roles in the auditory function. It was then assumed that explor...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Job A,Baille V,Dorandeu F,Pouyatos B,Foquin A,Delacour C,Denis J,Carpentier P

更新日期：2007-09-05 00:00:00

abstract：:There are reports of alterations in the number and functions of the cells of the immune system in patients with metal-on-metal (MOM) orthopaedic implants. These effects have been correlated with elevated chromium levels in the patients' blood. We have investigated the interactions of clinically relevant concentrations...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Lalaouni A,Henderson C,Kupper C,Grant MH

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00