Abstract:
:Antibiotic resistance is a rising threat for human health. Although in clinical settings and terrestrial environments the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria is well documented, their dissemination and spread in the marine environment, covering almost two-thirds of the Earth's surface, is still poorly understood. In this study, the presence and abundance of sulphonamide resistance gene (sul2) and class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1), used as markers for the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes since the beginning of the antibiotic era, were investigated. Twenty-nine archived formalin-fixed samples, collected by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey in the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea from 1970 to 2011, were analysed using Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) applied for the first time on CPR samples. The two marker genes were present in a large fraction of the samples (48% for sul2 and 76% for intI1). In contrast, results from Real-Time PCR performed on the same samples greatly underestimate their occurrence (21% for sul2 and 52% for intI1). Overall, besides providing successful use of ddPCR for the molecular analysis of CPR samples, this study reveals long-term occurrence and spread of sul2 gene and class 1 integrons in the plankton-associated bacterial communities in the ocean.
journal_name
Environ Microbiol Repjournal_title
Environmental microbiology reportsauthors
Di Cesare A,Petrin S,Fontaneto D,Losasso C,Eckert EM,Tassistro G,Borello A,Ricci A,Wilson WH,Pruzzo C,Vezzulli Ldoi
10.1111/1758-2229.12665subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-08-01 00:00:00pages
458-464issue
4issn
1758-2229journal_volume
10pub_type
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