Abstract：
:The first event in the initiation of an immune response is the capture and presentation of antigen to T cells. Such presentation involves two distinct steps: (1) display of the antigen, which requires uptake, processing and re-expression of the antigen in association with MHC molecules on the presenting cell surface; and (2) triggering, in which the presenting cell provides signals leading to the activation of the responding T cell. Two sorts of cells can capture antigens, the 'professional' antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and the B cells. Both types of cells can display antigens and the APCs are known to be able to trigger resting T cells. But despite in vitro evidence that certain B-cell types can reactivate previously-activated T cells, it is not yet clear whether a B cell can initiate an immune response by providing the signals necessary to activate a resting T cell. We reasoned that resting B cells should not have this capacity because of the problems this would present with tolerance to self idiotypes. By exploiting the unique properties of the avian haematopoietic system, we have examined the presenting capacity of B cells in vivo and found that resting B cells are indeed unable to activate resting T cells.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Lassila O,Vainio O,Matzinger Pdoi
10.1038/334253a0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-07-21 00:00:00pages
253-5issue
6179eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
334pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The mouse genetic revolution has shown repeatedly that most organs have more functions than expected. This has led to the realization that, in addition to a molecular and cellular approach, there is a need for a whole-organism study of physiology. The skeleton is an example of how a whole-organism approach to physiolo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature10763
更新日期：2012-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:After observation of detailed structural evidence for the origin of birds from dinosaurs, and in light of evidence that dinosaur bone tissue resembles the histology in mammals, the histology of bone has become one of the focal points in discussions of the physiology of dinosaurs and Mesozoic birds. Most of this micros...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35020550
更新日期：2000-08-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Progress in the fabrication of nanometre-scale electronic devices is opening new opportunities to uncover deeper aspects of the Kondo effect--a characteristic phenomenon in the physics of strongly correlated electrons. Artificial single-impurity Kondo systems have been realized in various nanostructures, including sem...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03422
更新日期：2005-03-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Eukaryotic cells make many types of primary and processed RNAs that are found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cells. A complete catalogue of these RNAs is not yet available and their characteristic subcellular localizations are also poorly understood. Because RNA represents the direct out...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11233
更新日期：2012-09-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Electronic devices have advanced from their heavy, bulky origins to become smart, mobile appliances. Nevertheless, they remain rigid, which precludes their intimate integration into everyday life. Flexible, textile and stretchable electronics are emerging research areas and may yield mainstream technologies. Rollable ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12314
更新日期：2013-07-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The cellular response to hypoxia is critical for cell survival and is fine-tuned to allow cells to recover from hypoxic stress and adapt to heterogeneous or fluctuating oxygen levels. The hypoxic response is mediated by the α-subunit of the transcription factor HIF-1 (HIF-1α), which interacts through its intrinsically...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature21705
更新日期：2017-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Diseases of the vascular system result from a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Data sets, technologies and strategies emanating from the human genome programme have been applied to the analysis of both rare single-gene and common multigenic vascular disorders. Genomic approaches including inter- a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/35025236
更新日期：2000-09-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Magnetic compass information has a key role in bird orientation, but the physiological mechanisms enabling birds to sense the Earth's magnetic field remain one of the unresolved mysteries in biology. Two biophysical mechanisms have become established as the most promising magnetodetection candidates. The iron-mineral-...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08528
更新日期：2009-10-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to design proteins with high affinity and selectivity for any given small molecule is a rigorous test of our understanding of the physiochemical principles that govern molecular recognition. Attempts to rationally design ligand-binding proteins have met with little success, however, and the computational d...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12443
更新日期：2013-09-12 00:00:00
abstract：:During cell division, sister chromosomes segregate from each other on a microtubule-based structure called the mitotic spindle. Proteins bind to the centromere, a region of chromosomal DNA, to form the kinetochore, which mediates chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle microtubules. In the budding yeast Saccharom...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/359533a0
更新日期：1992-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are more frequent in the genomes of bacteria and viruses than of vertebrates. We report here that bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides induce murine B cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in vitro and in vivo. This activat...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/374546a0
更新日期：1995-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice of the AKR strain are characterised by a high incidence of spontaneous thymic lymphomas. AKR chromosomes contain the genomes of ecotropic murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) at two loci, termed Akv-1 and Akv-2 (refs 2-6). Shortly after birth, the normal tissues of AKR mice begin to produce high levels of this XC-positi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/282753a0
更新日期：1979-12-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms desired limb trajectories into motor comm...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35037588
更新日期：2000-10-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. The human alpha-globin gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi al...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/321785a0
更新日期：1986-06-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The Ran proteins constitute a distinct branch of the superfamily of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins which function as molecular switches cycling between GTP-bound 'on' and GDP-bound 'off' states. Ran is located predominantly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is involved in the nuclear import of proteins as well ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/374378a0
更新日期：1995-03-23 00:00:00
abstract：:In adult animals, sensory neurons innervating the skin are phenotypically diverse. We have now investigated whether nerve growth factor (NGF) has a physiological role in the development of this diversity. We gave antisera against NGF to rats from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to adulthood (5 weeks). We found a virtually com...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/350500a0
更新日期：1991-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Many marine invertebrates and fish respond to hydrostatic pressure in order to regulate their depth and synchronize their behaviour to tidal cycles. Here we investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the vestibular hair cells located in the labyrinth of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, and find that it modula...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/415495a
更新日期：2002-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:After host entry through mucosal surfaces, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disseminates to lymphoid tissues to establish a generalized infection of the immune system. The mechanisms by which this virus spreads among permissive target cells locally during the early stages of transmission and systemically during ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11398
更新日期：2012-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Particle acceleration based on high intensity laser systems (a process known as laser-plasma acceleration) has achieved high quality particle beams that compare favourably with conventional acceleration techniques in terms of emittance, brightness and pulse duration. A long-term difficulty associated with laser-plasma...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04492
更新日期：2006-01-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Rac signalling to actin -- a pathway that is thought to be mediated by the protein Scar/WAVE (WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein)-family verprolin homologous protein -- has a principal role in cell motility. In an analogous pathway, direct interaction of Cdc42 with the related protein N-WASP stimulates actin polym...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature00859
更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex of freely moving rats provide a strikingly periodic representation of self-location which is indicative of very specific computational mechanisms. However, the existence of grid cells in humans and their distribution throughout the brain are unknown. Here we show that the preferred ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08704
更新日期：2010-02-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Recombination is the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The rate of recombination per nucleotide, which profoundly affects the evolution of chromosomal segments, is calculated by comparing genetic and physical maps. Human physical maps have been constructed using cytogenetics, o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35057185
更新日期：2001-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Surface gravity is a basic stellar property, but it is difficult to measure accurately, with typical uncertainties of 25 to 50 per cent if measured spectroscopically and 90 to 150 per cent if measured photometrically. Asteroseismology measures gravity with an uncertainty of about 2 per cent but is restricted to relati...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12419
更新日期：2013-08-22 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past ten years, coupled quantum wells have emerged as a promising system for experiments on Bose condensation of excitons, with numerous theoretical and experimental studies aimed at the demonstration of this effect. One of the issues driving these studies is the possibility of long-range coherent transport...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature00940
更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 height-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1-4.8%) and effects of up to 2 centimetres per a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature21039
更新日期：2017-02-09 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 面试
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07198-z
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the brain, hippocampal pyramidal cells use temporal as well as rate coding to signal spatial aspects of the animal's environment or behaviour. The temporal code takes the form of a phase relationship to the concurrent cycle of the hippocampal electroencephalogram theta rhythm. These two codes could each represent a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02058
更新日期：2003-10-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The actin cytoskeleton is regulated by GTP-hydrolysing proteins, the Rho GTPases, which act as molecular switches in diverse signal-transduction processes. Various bacterial toxins can inactivate Rho GTPases by ADP-ribosylation or glucosylation. Previous research has identified Rho proteins as putative targets for Esc...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/42735
更新日期：1997-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Galaxies congregate in clusters and along filaments, and are missing from large regions referred to as voids. These structures are seen in maps derived from spectroscopic surveys that reveal networks of structure that are interconnected with no clear boundaries. Extended regions with a high concentration of galaxies a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13674
更新日期：2014-09-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a critical sub-population of CD4+ T cells that are essential for maintaining self tolerance and preventing autoimmunity, for limiting chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, and for regulating homeostatic lymphocyte expansion. However, they also sup...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06306
更新日期：2007-11-22 00:00:00
