Abstract:
:Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) has been widely used as a herb and functional food in the world. Polysaccharides are the main active components of ginseng. In this paper, the polysaccharides were sequentially extracted by 50 mM Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH from ginseng roots treated sequentially with hot water, α-amylase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction. Na2CO3-soluble ginseng polysaccharide (NGP) was fractionated into one neutral and three acidic fractions by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Fourier transform infrared, NMR and methylation analysis indicated acidic fractions in NGP were highly branched rhamnogalacturonan-I domains, with → 4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-Rhap-(1 → disaccharide repeating units as backbone and β-1,4-galactan, α-1,5/1,3,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan as side chains. 1-KGP (1 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) and 4-KGP (4 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) were mainly composed of hemicellulose besides starch-like polysaccharides and minor pectin. Antibody detection, enzymic hydrolysis, high performance anion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis demonstrated xylan was the major component in 1-KGP, while xyloglucan was predominant in 4-KGP. Comparing the polysaccharides obtained by different solvent extractions, we have a comprehensive understanding about total ginseng polysaccharides.
journal_name
R Soc Open Scijournal_title
Royal Society open scienceauthors
Ji L,Jie Z,Ying X,Yue Q,Zhou Y,Sun Ldoi
10.1098/rsos.171644subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-03-14 00:00:00pages
171644issue
3issn
2054-5703pii
rsos171644journal_volume
5pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Helical organic micro- and nanostructures are formed by a charge-transfer complex, cinchonidine-TCNQ. These unusual forms result from the chirality, the steric structure and specific interactions of cinchonidine molecules. These materials are semiconductors (10-4 S cm-1), with the typical absorption spectra in IR and ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.171499
更新日期:2018-03-14 00:00:00
abstract::In this contribution, olefin block copolymers were produced via chain shuttling polymerization (CSP), using a new combination of catalysts and a chain shuttling agent (CSA) diethylzinc (ZnEt2). The binary catalyst system included nonbridged half-titanocene catalyst, Cp*TiCl2(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3) (Cat A) and bis(phenoxy-imi...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.182007
更新日期:2019-04-10 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition plays an important role in the formation and organization of animal groups. Many animals are capable of class-level recognition, discriminating, for example, on the basis of species, kinship or familiarity. Individual recognition requires that animals recognize distinct cues, and learn to associate these w...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.191703
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::If an artificial intelligence aims to maximize risk-adjusted return, then under mild conditions it is disproportionately likely to pick an unethical strategy unless the objective function allows sufficiently for this risk. Even if the proportion η of available unethical strategies is small, the probability p ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.200462
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Detailed examinations of both the movement and muscle activation patterns used by animals and humans to complete complex tasks are difficult to obtain in many environments. Therefore, the ability to infer movement and muscle activation patterns after capture of a single set of easily obtained data is highly sought aft...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.192093
更新日期:2020-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Language has long been identified as a powerful communicative tool among humans. Yet, pre-linguistic communication, which is common in many species, is also used by human infants prior to the acquisition of language. The potential communicational value of pre-linguistic vocal interactions between human infants and mot...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170274
更新日期:2018-01-24 00:00:00
abstract::Although cooperatively breeding vertebrates occur disproportionately in unpredictable environments, the underlying mechanism shaping this biogeographic pattern remains unclear. Cooperative breeding may buffer against harsh conditions (hard life hypothesis), or additionally allow for sustained breeding under benign con...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.172406
更新日期:2018-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160759.]. ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1098/rsos.170338
更新日期:2017-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::Selten's game is a kidnapping model where the probability of capturing the kidnapper is independent of whether the hostage has been released or executed. Most often, in view of the elevated sensitivities involved, authorities put greater effort and resources into capturing the kidnapper if the hostage has been execute...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.171484
更新日期:2017-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::Quantifying regulatory gene effects on dental morphology and function has implications for the underlying mechanisms that generated dental diversity in mammals. We tested the hypothesis that regulatory gene expression changes lead to differences in molars using a neural crest knockout of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170761
更新日期:2018-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171563.]. ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1098/rsos.200115
更新日期:2020-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::The potential disrupting effects of Azo dye on wastewater nutrients removal deserved more analysis. In this study, 15 days exposure experiments were conducted with alizarin yellow R (AYR) as a model dye to determine whether the dye caused adverse effects on biological removal of both the dye and nutrients in acclimate...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.180795
更新日期:2018-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::At present, many modification methods have been proposed to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In this study, tests on the compressive strength and damping properties of modified RAC with the addition of different proportions of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) (0, 50, 100%), rubber powder (1...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.190813
更新日期:2019-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::Objects that are briefly flashed around the time of saccades are mislocalized. Previously, robust interactions between saccadic perceptual distortions and stimulus contrast have been reported. It is also known that crowding depends on the contrast of the target and flankers. Here, we investigated how stimulus contrast...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160559
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::MCM-41 was prepared through the sol-gel method and encapsulated by polydopamine (PDA) before being coordinated with metal ions to form a highly efficient sustained release system (M-PDA-MCM-41) for triazolone delivery. The characterization results confirmed the existence of the coordination bond between the PDA layer ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.180658
更新日期:2018-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::Batch experiments were conducted to test the effects of various solution properties, such as pH, temperature, initial concentration and anoxic and aerobic atmosphere, on Cd removal by nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) supported on industrial coal fly ash. Cd (II) could be removed by adsorption on fly ash-nZVI in a very...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.171051
更新日期:2018-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::The theory of evolution by natural selection can help explain why people care about other species. Building upon recent insights that morality evolves to secure fitness advantages of cooperation, we propose that conservation ethics (moral beliefs, attitudes, intuitions and norms regarding other species) could be adapt...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.181038
更新日期:2018-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::Determining the tempo and mode of non-avian dinosaur extinction is one of the most contentious issues in palaeobiology. Extensive disagreements remain over whether their extinction was catastrophic and geologically instantaneous or the culmination of long-term evolutionary trends. These conflicts have arisen due to nu...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.201195
更新日期:2020-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::This study proposes a probabilistic approach for the quantitative assessment of reach- and network-scale hydrological connectivity as dictated by river flow space-time variability. Spatial dynamics of daily streamflows are estimated based on climatic and morphological features of the contributing catchment, integratin...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.181428
更新日期:2019-02-13 00:00:00
abstract::We consider a directed graph model for the human brain's neural architecture that is based on small scale, directed, strongly connected sub-graphs (SCGs) of neurons, that are connected together by a sparser mesoscopic network. We assume transmission delays within neuron-to-neuron stimulation, and that individual neuro...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160912
更新日期:2017-04-05 00:00:00
abstract::Under the current amphibian biodiversity crisis, common species provide an opportunity to measure population dynamics across a wide range of environmental conditions while examining the processes that determine abundance and structure geographical ranges. Studying species at their range limits also provides a window f...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.182192
更新日期:2019-06-12 00:00:00
abstract::The transition to agriculture is one of the most significant events in human prehistory; yet, explaining why people initially domesticated plants and animals remains a contentious research problem in archaeology. Two competing hypotheses dominate current debates. The first draws on niche construction theory to emphasi...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160319
更新日期:2016-08-03 00:00:00
abstract::Studies investigating micromechanical properties in mouse cortical bone often solely focus on the mechanical behaviour along the long axis of the bone. Therefore, data on the anisotropy of mouse cortical bone is scarce. The aim of this study is the first-time evaluation of the anisotropy ratio between the longitudinal...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160971
更新日期:2017-02-22 00:00:00
abstract::Giraffidae are represented by many extinct species. The only two extant taxa possess diametrically contrasting cervical morphology, as the okapi is short-necked and the giraffe is exceptionally long-necked. Samotherium major, known from the Late Miocene of Samos in Greece and other Eurasian localities, is a key extinc...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150521
更新日期:2015-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::A key challenge in the fabrication of ferromagnetically filled carbon nano-onions (CNOs) is the control of their thickness, dimensions and electric properties. Up to now literature works have mainly focused on the encapsulation of different types of ferromagnetic materials including α-Fe, Fe3C, Co, FeCo, FePd3 and oth...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170981
更新日期:2018-01-17 00:00:00
abstract::Arc faults in low-voltage electrical circuits are the main hidden cause of electric fires. Accurate identification of arc faults is essential for safe power consumption. In this paper, a detection algorithm for arc faults is tested in a low-voltage circuit. With capacitance coupling and a logarithmic detector, the hig...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.180160
更新日期:2018-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Among social mammals, humans uniquely organize themselves into communities of households that are centred around enduring, predominantly monogamous unions of men and women. As a consequence of this social organization, individuals maintain social relationships both within and across households, and potentially there i...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.172159
更新日期:2018-04-18 00:00:00
abstract::Planar potentiometric NO2 sensors based on 8YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3-doped ZrO2) were prepared with WO3 sensing electrode material. The various electrode microstructures prepared by different sintering temperatures were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure influences on th...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.190526
更新日期:2019-07-10 00:00:00
abstract::Microbes living in stagnant water typically rely on chemical diffusion to draw nutrients from their environment. The sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus and the ciliate Uronemella have independently evolved the ability to form a 'veil', a centimetre-scale mucous sheet on which cells organize to produce a macros...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150437
更新日期:2015-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, recent progress in graphic statics is combined with Williot displacement diagrams to create a graphical description of both statics and kinematics for two- and three-dimensional pin-jointed trusses. We begin with reciprocal form and force diagrams. The force diagram is dissected into its component cells...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170202
更新日期:2017-05-24 00:00:00