Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Road traffic crashes are a major cause of death and injury, especially in low and middle-income countries. It is estimated that road traffic injuries will have risen from ninth to third in world disease burden rankings by 2020, accounting for 2.3 million deaths globally. Street lighting has been suggested as a relatively low cost intervention with the potential to prevent traffic crashes. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of street lighting on injuries caused by road traffic crashes. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, TRANSPORT, Australian Transport Index. We also searched the Internet and checked reference lists of relevant papers. The search was not restricted by language or publication status. The searches were conducted to October 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and controlled before-after studies, comparing new street lighting with unlit roads, or improved street lighting with the pre-existing lighting level. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two authors screened search results, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and analysed the data. MAIN RESULTS:We found 16 controlled before-after studies of street lighting, all reporting crash data, of which 14 contributed data to the meta-analysis. Seven trials included a designated control site, the other nine collected data at one site with the daytime data being used as the control. The methodological quality of the trials was generally poor.Three trials compared street lighting with an area control on total crashes; pooled rate ratio (RR) = 0.45 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.69). Two trials compared street lighting with an area control on total injury crashes (all severities); RR = 0.78 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.97). No trials compared the number of fatal crashes with an area control.Ten trials compared street lighting with a day time control on total crashes; pooled RR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.83). Five trials compared street lighting with a day time control on total injury crashes; pooled RR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.79). Three trials compared street lighting with a day time control on fatal crashes; pooled RR = 0.33 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.66). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:The results from this systematic review suggests that street lighting may prevent road traffic crashes, injuries and fatalities. However, further well designed studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of street lighting in middle and low-income countries.
journal_name
Cochrane Database Syst Revjournal_title
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsauthors
Beyer FR,Ker Kdoi
10.1002/14651858.CD004728.pub2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-21 00:00:00pages
CD004728issue
1issn
1469-493Xpub_type
杂志文章,meta分析,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Nosocomial infections continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm and/or low birth weight (LBW) infants. Preterm infants are deficient in immunoglobulin G (IgG); therefore, administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may have the potential of preventing or altering the...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000361.pub4
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Long-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists are recommended as 'add-on' medication to inhaled corticosteroids in the maintenance therapy of asthmatic adults and children aged two years and above. OBJECTIVES:To quantify in asthmatic patients the safety and efficacy of the addition of long-acting beta2-agon...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005535
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Infants born preterm (before 37 weeks' gestation) have poorer outcomes than infants at term, particularly if born before 32 weeks. Early cord clamping has been standard practice over many years, and enables quick transfer of the infant to neonatal care. Delayed clamping allows blood flow between the placenta...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003248.pub4
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008870
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub2
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Antiretroviral drugs (ARV) reduce viral replication and can reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV either by lowing plasma viral load in pregnant women or through post-exposure prophylaxis in their newborns. In rich countries, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the vertical transmis...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005963.pub2
更新日期:2009-01-21 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006804.pub2
更新日期:2010-03-17 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 评论,社论
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更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2005-04-18 00:00:00
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abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the short-term effects of azathioprine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group's trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (issue 3, 2000), Medline up to and including August 2000 and Embase from 1988 to August 2...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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更新日期:2018-12-17 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-07-30 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Spasticity is a major health problem for patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI) that limits patients' mobility and affects independence in activities of daily living and work. Spasticity may also cause pain, loss of range of motion, contractures, sleep disorders and impair ambulation in patients with an in...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2014-11-07 00:00:00