Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular potassium.

abstract：:Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes. It is closely related to the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. B. anth...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ivanova N,Sorokin A,Anderson I,Galleron N,Candelon B,Kapatral V,Bhattacharyya A,Reznik G,Mikhailova N,Lapidus A,Chu L,Mazur M,Goltsman E,Larsen N,D'Souza M,Walunas T,Grechkin Y,Pusch G,Haselkorn R,Fonstein M,Ehrli

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gram-negative bacteria possess a complex cell envelope that consists of a plasma membrane, a peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane. The envelope is a selective chemical barrier1 that defines cell shape2 and allows the cell to sustain large mechanical loads such as turgor pressure3. It is widely believed that t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rojas ER,Billings G,Odermatt PD,Auer GK,Zhu L,Miguel A,Chang F,Weibel DB,Theriot JA,Huang KC

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia as one of the key steps in the biological nitrogen cycle, where it participates in the anaerobic energy metabolism of dissimilatory nitrate ammonification. Here we report on the crystal structure of this enzyme from th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Einsle O,Messerschmidt A,Stach P,Bourenkov GP,Bartunik HD,Huber R,Kroneck PM

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Large seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries in the martian climate system are generally ascribed to variations in solar heating associated with orbital eccentricity. As the orbital elements slowly change (over a period of >104 years), characteristics of the climate such as dustiness and the vigour of atmospheric circul...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Richardson MI,Wilson RJ

更新日期：2002-03-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Substitutions of single glycine residues of alpha 1(I) collagen have previously been associated with the inherited disease osteogenesis imperfecta type II. Transgenic mice bearing a mutant alpha 1(I) collagen gene into which specific glycine substitutions have been engineered show a dominant lethal phenotype character...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Stacey A,Bateman J,Choi T,Mascara T,Cole W,Jaenisch R

更新日期：1988-03-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) is the first step in the synthesis of more complex carbon-based fuels and feedstocks using renewable electricity. Unfortunately, the reaction suffers from slow kinetics owing to the low local concentration of CO2 surrounding typical CO2 reductio...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liu M,Pang Y,Zhang B,De Luna P,Voznyy O,Xu J,Zheng X,Dinh CT,Fan F,Cao C,de Arquer FP,Safaei TS,Mepham A,Klinkova A,Kumacheva E,Filleter T,Sinton D,Kelley SO,Sargent EH

更新日期：2016-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Efforts to ablate soft tissue with conventional lasers have been limited by collateral damage and by concern over potential photochemical effects. Motivated by the thermal-confinement model, past infrared investigations targeted the OH-stretch mode of water with fast pulses from lasers emitting near 3,000 nm (refs 1, ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Edwards G,Logan R,Copeland M,Reinisch L,Davidson J,Johnson B,Maciunas R,Mendenhall M,Ossoff R,Tribble J

更新日期：1994-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoclasts are the only somatic cells with bone-resorbing capacity and, as such, they have a critical role not only in normal bone homeostasis (called 'bone remodelling') but also in the pathogenesis of bone destructive disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. A major focus of research in the field ha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ishii M,Egen JG,Klauschen F,Meier-Schellersheim M,Saeki Y,Vacher J,Proia RL,Germain RN

更新日期：2009-03-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder involves the interplay of common and rare variants and their impact on hundreds of genes. Using exome sequencing, here we show that analysis of rare coding variation in 3,871 autism cases and 9,937 ancestry-matched or parental controls implicates 22 autosomal genes ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： De Rubeis S,He X,Goldberg AP,Poultney CS,Samocha K,Cicek AE,Kou Y,Liu L,Fromer M,Walker S,Singh T,Klei L,Kosmicki J,Shih-Chen F,Aleksic B,Biscaldi M,Bolton PF,Brownfeld JM,Cai J,Campbell NG,Carracedo A,Chahrour

更新日期：2014-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Endothelial cells adopt tissue-specific characteristics to instruct organ development and regeneration1,2. This adaptability is lost in cultured adult endothelial cells, which do not vascularize tissues in an organotypic manner. Here, we show that transient reactivation of the embryonic-restricted ETS variant transcri...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Palikuqi B,Nguyen DT,Li G,Schreiner R,Pellegata AF,Liu Y,Redmond D,Geng F,Lin Y,Gómez-Salinero JM,Yokoyama M,Zumbo P,Zhang T,Kunar B,Witherspoon M,Han T,Tedeschi AM,Scottoni F,Lipkin SM,Dow L,Elemento O,Xiang JZ

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The type I interferon response protects cells against invading viral pathogens. The cellular factors that mediate this defence are the products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although hundreds of ISGs have been identified since their discovery more than 25 years ago, only a few have been characterized with res...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schoggins JW,Wilson SJ,Panis M,Murphy MY,Jones CT,Bieniasz P,Rice CM

更新日期：2011-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Imperfect knowledge of the times at which 'snapshots' of a system are recorded degrades our ability to recover dynamical information, and can scramble the sequence of events. In X-ray free-electron lasers, for example, the uncertainty--the so-called timing jitter--between the arrival of an optical trigger ('pump') pul...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fung R,Hanna AM,Vendrell O,Ramakrishna S,Seideman T,Santra R,Ourmazd A,Ourmazd A

更新日期：2016-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature22794. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shaffer SM,Dunagin MC,Torborg SR,Torre EA,Emert B,Krepler C,Beqiri M,Sproesser K,Brafford PA,Xiao M,Eggan E,Anastopoulos IN,Vargas-Garcia CA,Singh A,Nathanson KL,Herlyn M,Raj A

更新日期：2018-03-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to abstract principles or rules from direct experience allows behaviour to extend beyond specific circumstances to general situations. For example, we learn the 'rules' for restaurant dining from specific experiences and can then apply them in new restaurants. The use of such rules is thought to depend on ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wallis JD,Anderson KC,Miller EK

更新日期：2001-06-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Idiotypic networks regulate the immune response to a variety of antigens. Antibodies generated against other antibodies, called anti-idiotypic antibodies, can themselves mimic antigen and elicit a specific immune response. They have been shown to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to model antigens in the mous...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Forstrom JW,Nelson KA,Nepom GT,Hellström I,Hellström KE

更新日期：1983-06-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanism of transformation of the overtly similar cells of the neural plate into the numerous and diverse cell types of the mature vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) can better be understood by studying the clonal development of isolated CNS precursor cells. Here I describe a culture system in which blast ce...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Temple S

更新日期：1989-08-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure of an N-terminal fragment of CD4 has been determined to 2.4 A resolution. It has two tightly abutting domains connected by a continuous beta strand. Both have the immunoglobulin fold, but domain 2 has a truncated beta barrel and a non-standard disulphide bond. The binding sites for monoclonal antibodies,...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wang JH,Yan YW,Garrett TP,Liu JH,Rodgers DW,Garlick RL,Tarr GE,Husain Y,Reinherz EL,Harrison SC

更新日期：1990-11-29 00:00:00

abstract：:We have shown previously that chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains nine origins of DNA replication that differ in initiation frequency and replicate sequentially during the S phase of the cell cycle. Here we show that there are links between activation of these multiple origins and regulation of S-phase ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shirahige K,Hori Y,Shiraishi K,Yamashita M,Takahashi K,Obuse C,Tsurimoto T,Yoshikawa H

更新日期：1998-10-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The fruit, which mediates the maturation and dispersal of seeds, is a complex structure unique to flowering plants. Seed dispersal in plants such as Arabidopsis occurs by a process called fruit dehiscence, or pod shatter. Few studies have focused on identifying genes that regulate this process, in spite of the agronom...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liljegren SJ,Ditta GS,Eshed Y,Savidge B,Bowman JL,Yanofsky MF

更新日期：2000-04-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Retinoic acid may be the natural morphogen used to generate digit pattern in the chick limb bud. It has been proposed that retinoic acid acts by binding to a cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) and then entering the nucleus to alter the pattern of gene activity. High-affinity receptors that bind both retino...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Maden M,Ong DE,Summerbell D,Chytil F

更新日期：1988-10-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Manic depression is a severe cyclic mental illness that can be unipolar or bipolar and has a lifetime risk of approximately 7 per 1,000 in most populations. Families with multiple cases of manic depression have been described that are compatible with both autosomal dominant and X-linked modes of genetic transmission. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hodgkinson S,Sherrington R,Gurling H,Marchbanks R,Reeders S,Mallet J,McInnis M,Petursson H,Brynjolfsson J

更新日期：1987-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Aquifex aeolicus was one of the earliest diverging, and is one of the most thermophilic, bacteria known. It can grow on hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and mineral salts. The complex metabolic machinery needed for A. aeolicus to function as a chemolithoautotroph (an organism which uses an inorganic carbon source for...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Deckert G,Warren PV,Gaasterland T,Young WG,Lenox AL,Graham DE,Overbeek R,Snead MA,Keller M,Aujay M,Huber R,Feldman RA,Short JM,Olsen GJ,Swanson RV

更新日期：1998-03-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Common fragile sites have long been identified by cytogeneticists as chromosomal regions prone to breakage upon replication stress. They are increasingly recognized to be preferential targets for oncogene-induced DNA damage in pre-neoplastic lesions and hotspots for chromosomal rearrangements in various cancers. Commo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Letessier A,Millot GA,Koundrioukoff S,Lachagès AM,Vogt N,Hansen RS,Malfoy B,Brison O,Debatisse M

更新日期：2011-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxygen and silicon isotope compositions of cherts and studies of protein evolution have been interpreted to reflect ocean temperatures of 55-85 degrees C during the early Palaeoarchaean era ( approximately 3.5 billion years ago). A recent study combining oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of cherts, however, mak...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Blake RE,Chang SJ,Lepland A

更新日期：2010-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:More than 50 copies of a phi X174 DNA template can be made in 60 min in an in vitro DNA replication system consisting of seven purfied replication proteins isolated from T4 bacteriophage-infected cells. By transfecting with the DNA products and assaying for the reversion of specific amber mutants, the high degree of b...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hibner U,Alberts BM

更新日期：1980-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Many tyrosine kinases, including the receptors for hormones such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor and insulin, transmit intracellular signals through Ras proteins. Ligand binding to such receptors stimulates Ras guanine-nucleotide-exchange activity and increases the level of GTP-bound Ras, suggest...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rozakis-Adcock M,Fernley R,Wade J,Pawson T,Bowtell D

更新日期：1993-05-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecules capable of mimicking the function of a wide range of mechanical devices have been fabricated, with motors that can induce mechanical movement attracting particular attention. Such molecular motors convert light or chemical energy into directional rotary or linear motion, and are usually prepared and operated...

journal_title：Nature

authors： van Delden RA,ter Wiel MK,Pollard MM,Vicario J,Koumura N,Feringa BL

更新日期：2005-10-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chapman B,Jacobson MD,Reiter HO,Stryker MP

更新日期：1986-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The direct functionalization of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds is still one of the most challenging problems facing synthetic organic chemists. The appeal of such transformations derives from their capacity to facilitate the construction of complex organic molecules via the coupling of simple and otherwise inert building...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cuthbertson JD,MacMillan DW

更新日期：2015-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterotrimeric G-proteins bind to cell-surface receptors and are integral in transmission of signals from outside the cell. Upon activation of the Galpha subunit by binding of GTP, the Galpha and Gbetagamma subunits dissociate and interact with effector proteins for signal transduction. Regulatory proteins with the 19...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kimple RJ,Kimple ME,Betts L,Sondek J,Siderovski DP

更新日期：2002-04-25 00:00:00