Abstract:
:Cuticles envelope primary surfaces of the above-ground portion of plants. They function as barriers to water movement and to gas exchange, and in pathogen defense. To serve as a barrier on growing organs, cuticles must remain intact but at the same time must accommodate ongoing growth. Minimizing cuticle failure has stimulated significant research on the cuticle's mechanical properties. The objective here is to review the literature on the mechanical properties of isolated fruit and leaf cuticles. Cuticles are viscoelastic polymers. Viscoelasticity results mainly from the cutin matrix. Impregnation by waxes, flavonoids, and cutan increases stiffness and strength but decreases extensibility. On the inner side, the cutin matrix is impregnated by cell wall polysaccharides, which are responsible for its elastic behavior. Across species, the maximum forces sustainable by hydrated cuticles in uniaxial tensile tests averaged 0.82 N (range 0.15-1.63 N), the maximum stresses averaged 13.2 MPa (range 2.0-29.0 MPa), the maximum strains averaged 8.8% (range 1.6-28.0%), and the moduli of elasticity averaged 224 MPa (range 60-730 MPa). Among the environmental factors, high temperature and hydration both decreased stiffness. Therefore, the mechanical properties of cuticles in vivo depend largely on the relative proportions of their constituents. These proportions change during development and are also affected by environmental factors such as temperature.
journal_name
J Exp Botjournal_title
Journal of experimental botanyauthors
Khanal BP,Knoche Mdoi
10.1093/jxb/erx265subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-11-09 00:00:00pages
5351-5367issue
19eissn
0022-0957issn
1460-2431pii
4157678journal_volume
68pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Physiological aspects of acidity stress in plants (synonymous with H(+) rhizotoxicity or low-pH stress) have long been a focus of research, in particular with respect to acidic soils where aluminium and H(+) rhizotoxicities often co-occur. However, toxic H(+) and Al(3+) elicit different response mechanisms in plants, ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv437
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here the isolation and characterization of CitAMT1 cDNA from citrange Troyer (Citrus sinensis L. OsbeckxPoncirus trifoliata Blanco) is reported, suggesting that this belongs to the AMT gene family, which is involved in the high-affinity transport system (HATS). Results show that in Citrus plants, the HATS is much more...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm135
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intact coconuts were germinated in situ and compared with excised zygotic embryos germinated in vitro. The growth of the embryonic tissue and their fatty acid compositions were measured. Haustoria, plumules and radicles of coconuts germinated in situ grew continuously and proportionately throughout the 120 d experimen...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jexbot/52.358.933
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endosperm is an essential part of the seed which sustains embryo development and contains storage reserves. Endosperm development involves a series of nuclear divisions in the absence of cytokinesis. In this study, it is shown that a mutant Arabidopsis plant carrying the disrupted At4g24900 gene exhibits severe de...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers243
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent work has made progress in relating the size of stomata to stomatal functioning and, in particular, the speed of opening and closing and its implications. Calculations of the influence of stomatal size on the potential rate of osmolarity increase, assuming size-independent ion influx rate per unit area of guard ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eru032
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytokinins are one of the most important phytohormones and play essential roles in multiple life processes in planta. Root-derived cytokinins are transported to the shoots via long-distance transport. The mechanisms of long-distance transport of root-derived cytokinins remain to be demonstrated. In this study, we repo...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz382
更新日期:2019-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::In rice, the class I small heat shock protein (sHSP-CI) genes were found to be selectively induced by L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) on chromosome 3 but not chromosome 1. Here it is shown that a novel cis-responsive element contributed to the differential regulation. By serial deletion and computational analysis,...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq230
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Constitutive over-expression of a maize sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) had major effects on leaf carbohydrate budgets with consequences for whole plant development. Transgenic tobacco plants flowered earlier and had greater flower numbers than wild-type plants. These changes were ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erg196
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ergosterol (a fungal membrane component) was shown to induce transient influx of protons and membrane hyperpolarization in cotyledonary cells of Mimosa pudica L. By contrast, chitosan (a fungal wall component with known elicitor properties) triggered membrane depolarization. In the processes induced by ergosterol, a s...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erj090
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal phytohormones that are essential for many processes in plant growth and development, such as cell expansion, vascular differentiation, and responses to stress. The effects of BRs on cell division are unclear, as attested by contradictory published results. To determine the effect o...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erg312
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::alpha4-Fucosylation represents a final step of protein N- glycosylation. alpha4-fucosylated N-glycans are thought to be involved in cell-to-cell communication and recognition in primates and plants. Nevertheless, in the plant life cycle, the function of alpha4-fucosylation remains largely unknown. To gain an insight i...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.373.1429
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flowering is a crucial developmental stage in the plant life cycle. A number of different factors, from environmental to chemical, can trigger flowering. In pineapple, and other bromeliads, it has been proposed that flowering is triggered by a small burst of ethylene production in the meristem in response to environme...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erl167
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In apple (Malus×domestica) fruit, the different layers of the exocarp (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis) protect and maintain fruit integrity, and resist the turgor-driven expansion of the underlying thin-walled cortical cells during growth. Using in situ immunolocalization and size exclusion epitope detection chrom...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz370
更新日期:2019-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::Examination of root tips from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings grown at 8 degrees C for varying periods ranging from 15 min to 96 h, showed marked changes in the ultrastructure of cortical cells within only 15 min of exposure. Greater parts of the cortex were affected with longer periods of exposure, but the se...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erf071
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widespread phenomenon in flowering plants caused by mitochondrial (mt) genes. CMS genes typically encode novel proteins that interfere with mt functions and can be silenced by nuclear fertility-restorer genes. Although the molecular basis of CMS is well established in a number of ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erx057
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of the complex relationship between ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) on flower development and senescence in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. was investigated. Ethylene biosynthetic (HrsACS and HrsACO) and receptor (HrsETR and HrsERS) genes were isolated and their expression evaluated in three different floral tis...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/err218
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transcriptomes of senescing flag leaves collected from barley field plots with standard or high nitrogen supply were compared to identify genes specifically associated with nitrogen remobilization during leaf senescence under agronomically relevant conditions. In flag leaves collected in field plots with high nitr...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eru094
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chlorophyll (Chl) b is a ubiquitous accessory pigment in land plants, green algae, and prochlorophytes. This pigment is synthesized from Chl a by chlorophyllide a oxygenase and plays a key role in adaptation to various environments. This study characterizes a rice mutant, pale green leaf (pgl), and isolates the gene P...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv529
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The MGOUN3(MGO3)/BRUSHY1(BRU1)/TONSOKU(TSK) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a nuclear leucine-glycine-asparagine (LGN) domain protein that may be implicated in chromatin dynamics and genome maintenance. Mutants with defects in MGO3 display a fasciated stem and disorganized meristem structures. The transition to f...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erj169
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellularly secreted peroxidases in cell suspension culture of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2, cell line BY-2) catalyse the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent formation of active oxygen species (AOS) which, in turn, triggers an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Addition of horseradish peroxid...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Portulacaceae is one of 19 families of terrestrial plants in which species having C(4) photosynthesis have been found. Representative species from major clades of the genus Portulaca were studied to characterize the forms of photosynthesis structurally and biochemically. The species P. amilis, P. grandiflora, P. molok...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erq178
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reproductive success of plants largely depends on the correct programming of developmental phase transitions, particularly the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. The timing of this transition is finely regulated by the integration of an array of environmental and endogenous factors. Nitrogen is the mine...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erx423
更新日期:2018-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::As a first step to investigate whether Rab GTPases are involved in grape berry development, the Vitis vinifera EST and gene databases were searched for members of the VvRab family. The grapevine genome was found to contain 26 VvRabs that could be distributed into all of the eight groups described in the literature for...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ern132
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) the degradation of the pectic compounds of the cell wall is considered to be the principal component responsible for fruit softening. Many genes encoding enzymes acting on the different polymers of the pectic matrix have been shown to be highly expressed during the late phases of s...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erj043
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of heavy metals on the modification of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.14) activity in cucumber roots was studied. In plants stressed for 2 h with 10 microM or 100 microM Cd, Cu or Ni the hydrolytic as well as the transporting activity of H(+)-ATPase in the plasma membranes of root cells was decreased...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ern219
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parasitic plants form intimate contacts with host tissue in order to gain access to host solutes. There are a variety of cell types within the host which parasitic plants could access to extract solutes. Depending on the degree to which the parasite has embraced the parasitic lifestyle, the extent of solute flux and t...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jexbot/52.363.2043
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) exists as several isoforms that are found in various compartments in plant cells. The cytosolic and chloroplast APXs appear to play important roles in antioxidation metabolism in plant cells, yet the function of peroxisomal APX is not well studied. In this study, the localization of a putati...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erl060
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plants have evolved and adapted to different environments. Dwarfism is an adaptive trait of plants that helps them avoid high-energy costs under unfavourable conditions. The role of gibberellin (GA) in plant development has been well established. Several plant dehydration-responsive element-binding proteins (DREBs) ha...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers295
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pectin is a normal constituent of cell walls of green plants. When supplied externally to live cells or walls isolated from the large-celled green alga Chara corallina, pectin removes calcium from load-bearing cross-links in the wall, loosening the structure and allowing it to deform more rapidly under the action of t...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers089
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoplastic transport barriers in the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR64) and corn (Zea mays L. cv. Helix) were isolated enzymatically. Following chemical degradation (monomerization, derivatization), the amounts of aliphatic and aromatic suberin monomers were analysed quantitatively by gas chromatography and mass...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eri144
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00