Abstract：
:Forelimb reduction occurred independently in multiple lineages of theropod dinosaurs. Although tyrannosaurs are renowned for their tiny, two-fingered forelimbs, the degree of their reduction in length is surpassed by abelisaurids, which possess an unusual morphology distinct from that of other theropods. The forelimbs of abelisaurids are short but robust and exhibit numerous crests, tubercles, and scars that allow for inferences of muscle attachment sites. Phylogenetically based reconstructions of the musculature were used in combination with close examination of the osteology in the Malagasy abelisaurid Majungasaurus to create detailed muscle maps of the forelimbs, and patterns of the muscular and bony morphology were compared with those of extant tetrapods with reduced or vestigial limbs. The lever arms of muscles crossing the glenohumeral joint are shortened relative to the basal condition, reducing the torque of these muscles but increasing the excursion of the humerus. Fusion of the antebrachial muscles into a set of flexors and extensors is common in other tetrapods and occurred to some extent in Majungasaurus. However, the presence of tubercles on the antebrachial and manual elements of abelisaurids indicates that many of the individual distal muscles acting on the wrist and digits were retained. Majungasaurus shows some signs of the advanced stages of forelimb reduction preceding limb loss, while also exhibiting features suggesting that the forelimb was not completely functionless. The conformation of abelisaurid forelimb musculature was unique among theropods and further emphasizes the unusual morphology of the forelimbs in this clade.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Burch SHdoi
10.1111/joa.12660subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-10-01 00:00:00pages
515-531issue
4eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580journal_volume
231pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The development of the patella, its associated tendons, and suprapatella of the rabbit knee joint is described from the 17 d fetus to the mature adult. The patellar tendon (ligament) with the patella on its posterior surface is seen in the 17 d fetus and is fully developed by 1 postnatal wk. It is composed of bundles ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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更新日期：1985-03-01 00:00:00
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