Abstract:
:As researchers, we often collect data on a clinical record form or a questionnaire. It is an important part of study design. If the questionnaire is not well designed, the data collected will not be useful. In this section of the module, we have discussed some practical aspects of designing a questionnaire. It is useful to make a list of all the variables that will be assessed in the study before preparing the questionnaire. The researcher should review all the existing questionnaires. It may be efficient to use an existing standardized questionnaire or scale. Many of these scales are freely available and may be used with an appropriate reference. However, some may be under copyright protection and permissions may be required to use the same questionnaire. While designing their own questionnaire, researchers may use open- or close-ended questions. It is important to design the responses appropriately as the format of responses will influence the analysis. Sometimes, one can collect the same information in multiple ways - continuous or categorical response. Besides these, the researcher can also use visual analog scales or Likert's scale in the questionnaire. Some practical take-home points are: (1) Use specific language while framing the questions; (2) write detailed instructions in the questionnaire; (3) use mutually exclusive response categories; (4) use skip patterns; (5) avoid double-barreled questions; and (6) anchor the time period if required.
journal_name
Indian J Dermatoljournal_title
Indian journal of dermatologyauthors
Setia MSdoi
10.4103/ijd.IJD_76_17subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-03-01 00:00:00pages
130-134issue
2eissn
0019-5154issn
1998-3611pii
IJD-62-130journal_volume
62pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:A combination of topical retinoid and antibacterial therapy is often advocated for acne to enhance therapeutic efficacy. AIMS:A preliminary study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a topical fixed combination of nadifloxacin (1%) and adapalene (0.1%) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne in In...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.135492
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is an unusual dermatosis occurring following an attack of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). There are only few reports of PKDL after successful treatment with miltefosine. We report two cases of PKDL that developed after successful treatment of VL with miltefosine. ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.110848
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 42-year-old male developed hemorrhagic bullae and erosions while in alcohol induced coma. The lesions were limited to areas of the body in prolonged contact with the ground in the comatose state. He developed rhabdomyolysis, progressing to acute renal failure (ARF). Histopathological examination of the skin showed s...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.143576
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a case of recurrent localized pyogenic granulomas with underlying arteriovenous malformation in an 11-year-old male child on upper back with onset in early infancy. ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.160538
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Alopecia areata (AA) is a common form of localized, non-scarring hair loss. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, but the role of autoimmunity is strongly suggested. AA is commonly associated with various autoimmune disorders; the most frequent among them is autoimmune thyroid disorders. AIM:To...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.123494
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Onychomycosis is a difficult condition to treat and cure rates are disappointing. Moreover fungicidal action of antifungal agents in NCCLS assays and their rapid accumulation in nails in vivo are not compatible with the duration of treatment. AIMS:This study aimed to find the effectiveness of 4 different an...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.43216
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress induction, and cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives:To document the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), dyslipidemia, and associated factors in Nigerian patients with LP. Me...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_111_18
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Melasma is a notorious dermatosis, often resistant to treatment. Chemical peeling constitutes an acceptable option of management of melasma (of any type and duration). In this article, as a group of experts from Pigmentary Disorders Society (PDS) in collaboration with South Asian Pigmentary Forum (SPF), we have tried ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_490_17
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare sporadic condition of mesodermal phakomatosis, characterized by purple-colored flat cutaneous cranial (face) hemangiomas (most commonly along the trigeminal nerve), glaucoma and vascular lesions in the ipsilateral brain and meninges. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is also an uncommon mesode...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.91848
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMMS) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by multiple melanocytic nevi, usually more than 50, and a family history of melanoma. It is known to be associated with carcinoma of pancreas and other malignancies involving gastrointestinal tract, breast,...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.152585
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is characterized by the formation of distinctive, tortuous, and serpentine skin lesions occurring as a result of epidermal burrowing by certain helminthic larvae. Although this condition is usually uneventful, rarely it may result in patchy pulmonary infiltration with peripheral eosinophi...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.177753
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To evaluate whether oxidative stress is implicated in melanocyte damage in vitiligo. BACKGROUND:Vitiligo is a complex disorder characterized by gradually enlarging areas of depigmentation. A new unifying hypothesis for the etiology of this pigment disorder is proposed, in which we postulate that the final destruct...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.55628
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The world of dermatology is pieced together by clinical conditions unique in their colors, morphology, and configuration. Dermatological signs and terms are influenced by etymology, language, and history. Eponyms also make dermatology a fascinating but linguistically challenging subject. This article reviews dermatolo...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.177799
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endothelin-1 (EDN1) and EDN receptor type A (EDNRA) are implicated in melanocyte functions. AIM AND OBJECTIVES:This study examines the role of EDN1 (G5665T and T-1370G) and EDNRA (C + 70G and G-231A) polymorphisms as a risk factor for vitiligo, and evaluates the relationship between genotypes and clinical c...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174076
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Palmoplantar lesions in lichen planus (LP) are uncommon. In such cases, diagnosis is usually missed. This study was conducted to document various clinical and histopathological features of palmoplantar LP. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 18 patients from our outpatient department with lesions of LP, either...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.135477
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The typical clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis are nodules, ulcer, nodulo-ulcerative lesions and crusted plaques. Besides classical clinical picture, several unusual and atypical clinical presentations of the disease have also been reported. Herein, we report three cases of lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasi...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_420_16
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aquagenic keratoderma (AK) is a rare acquired skin condition characterized by recurrent and transient white papules and plaques associated with a burning sensation, pain, pruritus and/or hyperhidrosis on the palms and more rarely, soles triggered by sweat or contact with water. Often AK cause significant discomfort, t...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.152568
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A systematic review is a summary of existing evidence that answers a specific clinical question, contains a thorough, unbiased search of the relevant literature, explicit criteria for assessing studies and structured presentation of the results. A systematic review that incorporates quantitative pooling of similar stu...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.127671
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::POEMS syndrome, a paraneoplastic disorder, caused by plasma cell dyscrasia, is characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes. Calciphylaxis is a vasculopathy of subcutaneous arteries with calcification and skin ulceration, most commonly associated with end-stage renal disea...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type:
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_492_18
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare disease characterized by hyperpigmentation, nail dystrophy and mucous membrane abnormality. Commonly occurring in males, the patients die young usually due to bone marrow suppression. Malignancies of various descriptions have been reported in this disease, the commonest being soli...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.87167
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few clinical studies are found in the literature about patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of cutaneous drug eruption. AIMS:To determine the clinical types of drug eruptions and their causative agents in a hospital-based population. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This retrospective study was performed in the Der...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.96191
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The various lesions seen in the clinical presentation of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) are reflected in the histopathology of the type of lesion biopsied. The cells that form the dermal infiltrate include lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells in varying proportions. The infiltrate, which is mild and ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_307_19
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:Context:Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a hereditary androgen-dependent disorder, characterized by gradual conversion of terminal hair into miniaturized hair and defined by various patterns. Common age group affected is between 30 and 50 years. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that inc...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_526_16
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pheohyphomycosis is a rare heterogeneous group of mycotic infections caused by dematiaceous (phaeoid) fungi affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and central nervous system. Herein, we report a case of 29-year-old man with innocuous pustule over the right index finger. Examination revealed a subcutaneous swelling w...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.108083
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Skin tags are common benign skin tumors usually occurring on the neck and major flexors of elder people. AIMS:The aim of this study is to perform quantitation of mast cells and collagen fibers in skin tags and normal skin in diabetics and nondiabetics, to find a possible correlation between mast cells and c...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.57605
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present the case of a male born prematurely at 32 weeks gestation by cesarean section following overt symptoms of maternal preeclampsia. He developed severe penoscrotal edema anew one month from birth. No remarkable exposure or trauma was identified. This unexplained swelling remained uniform till 4 months of age, ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.117340
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is characterized by sharply demarcated yellowish flat plaques on upper and lower eyelids. It is commonly seen in women with a peak incidence at 30-50 years. It is also considered as the cutaneous marker of underlying atherosclerosis along with the disturbed lipid metabolism. XP a...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.182426
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a 60-year-old man who presented with a 2-year history of painless red raised lesions involving the tongue and scrotum. Histopathology was suggestive of angiokeratoma. Oral angiokeratomas are most commonly found as a component of the generalized systemic disorder in Fabry's disease or fucosidosis. Our patient...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.96207
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive potentially life-threatening condition, characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency, preserved aldosterone/renin secretion, and secondary rise in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level. This occurs due to either mutation in adrenocorti...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_716_16
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN) is an infrequent benign cutaneous neural tumor, which usually presents as solitary, asymptomatic, papule or nodule, often localized on the faces, around the orifices, in middle age with no sex preponderance. Rarely, it can be multiple. Both solitary and multiple lesions are not ass...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119971
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00