Abstract:
:Crucial therapeutic decisions are based on diagnostic tests. Therefore, it is important to evaluate such tests before adopting them for routine use. Although things such as blood tests, cultures, biopsies, and radiological imaging are obvious diagnostic tests, it is not to be forgotten that specific clinical examination procedures, scoring systems based on physiological or psychological evaluation, and ratings based on questionnaires are also diagnostic tests and therefore merit similar evaluation. In the simplest scenario, a diagnostic test will give either a positive (disease likely) or negative (disease unlikely) result. Ideally, all those with the disease should be classified by a test as positive and all those without the disease as negative. Unfortunately, practically no test gives 100% accurate results. Therefore, leaving aside the economic question, the performance of diagnostic tests is evaluated on the basis of certain indices such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Likelihood ratios combine information on specificity and sensitivity to expresses the likelihood that a given test result would occur in a subject with a disorder compared to the probability that the same result would occur in a subject without the disorder. Not all test can be categorized simply as "positive" or "negative." Physicians are frequently exposed to test results on a numerical scale, and in such cases, judgment is required in choosing a cutoff point to distinguish normal from abnormal. Naturally, a cutoff value should provide the greatest predictive accuracy, but there is a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity here - if the cutoff is too low, it will identify most patients who have the disease (high sensitivity) but will also incorrectly identify many who do not (low specificity). A receiver operating characteristic curve plots pairs of sensitivity versus (1 - specificity) values and helps in selecting an optimum cutoff - the one lying on the "elbow" of the curve. Cohen's kappa (κ) statistic is a measure of inter-rater agreement for categorical variables. It can also be applied to assess how far two tests agree with respect to diagnostic categorization. It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation since kappa takes into account the agreement occurring by chance.
journal_name
Indian J Dermatoljournal_title
Indian journal of dermatologyauthors
Hazra A,Gogtay Ndoi
10.4103/0019-5154.198047subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-01-01 00:00:00pages
18-24issue
1eissn
0019-5154issn
1998-3611pii
IJD-62-18journal_volume
62pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:It has been proposed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and may contribute to severity of the disease. Increased expression of the apoptosis-regulating proteins p53 and tTG and decreased levels of bcl-2 in the keratinocytes of the skin of psoriatic patients ha...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.131377
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder. Studies on its pathogenesis extensively investigated melanocytes' abnormalities and few studies searched for keratinocytes' role in disease development. Liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) is a member of nuclear hormone receptors that acts as a transcription factor. Its targe...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_520_17
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 39-year-old female with a pruritic verrucous plaque over dorsal aspect of great toe was treated with 4 intralesional corticosteroid injections each at an interval of 2 weeks. Three months later, she developed depigmentation at the injection site and in a network-like distribution radiating away from the site. The de...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.44805
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fixed drug combination (FDC) halometasone 0.05% and fusidic acid 2% (group A) vs FDC betamethasone 0.12% and neomycin sulfate 0.5% cream (group B) in acute or chronic infected eczematous dermatosis, through a randomized open-label, comparative, multicentric study. MATERIALS A...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.108041
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Vitiligo is one of the disorder that has social impact. Both skin and mucous membrane show depigmentation in vitiligo. Depigmentation in oral cavity can be more easily observed and the patient can be given awareness regarding the condition if they are unaware of vitiligo elsewhere in their body and can be gu...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.147844
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients on anti-TNFα therapy are at increased risk for rare opportunistic infections. Here we are reporting a case of Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a patient treated with anti-TNF for 5 years. Patients on anti-TNFα need close follow-up and clinicians should be suspicious for atypical infections in these immun...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.77560
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a case of a 50-year-old female who presented with multiple thick-walled vesicles involving the labia majora and minora which started developing at the age of 10 year. The vesicles extruded milky white fluid when punctured. Biochemical analysis of the fluid was consistent with chyle. Lymphoscintigraphy showed...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type:
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_76_19
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benign epithelioid peripheral nerve sheath tumor, a rare entity is an umbrella term describing benign, neural origin tumors with epithelioid morphology. Clinically indistinguishable from other benign cutaneous lesions, histopathology offers the only source of accurate diagnosis. Morphologic mimics include many benign ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.117354
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), even though resolved, may damage the valves and may lead to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). We designed the present study to examine the thrombotic markers or other ultrasound features in the absence of active thrombosis in patients presenting with features suggestive of CVI...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_271_18
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cohort design is a type of nonexperimental or observational study design. In a cohort study, the participants do not have the outcome of interest to begin with. They are selected based on the exposure status of the individual. They are then followed over time to evaluate for the occurrence of the outcome of interest. ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174011
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chikungunya fever (CF) epidemic has recently re-emerged in India affecting large population. Mucocutaneous manifestations are an important clinical feature of the disease. We have reviewed mucocutaneous manifestations of the disease during a recent epidemic in coastal Karnataka. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Seventy...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.82483
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psoriasiform dermatoses often pose challenges to both dermatologists and pathologists alike. With proper clinicopathologic correlation and a systematic approach, it is possible to arrive at a specific diagnosis in most cases. This article attempts to outline a practical, step-wise method of looking at these cases and ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.113945
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Artificially intelligent computer systems are used extensively in medical sciences. Common applications include diagnosing patients, end-to-end drug discovery and development, improving communication between physician and patient, transcribing medical documents, such as prescriptions, and remotely treating patients. W...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_421_20
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, chronic inflammatory disease characterized by nonscarring hair loss on the scalp or any hair-bearing area of the body. Recently, dermoscopy, a noninvasive diagnostic procedure, has been employed for the diagnosis of AA. AIM:To evaluate various dermoscopic patterns in AA and...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.193668
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The various lesions seen in the clinical presentation of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) are reflected in the histopathology of the type of lesion biopsied. The cells that form the dermal infiltrate include lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells in varying proportions. The infiltrate, which is mild and ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_307_19
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sertaconazole is a new, broad spectrum, fungicidal and fungistatic imidazole with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity that would provide greater symptomatic relief and hence would be beneficial in improving the quality of life for the patient with dermatophytoses. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:To compar...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.105284
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endothelin-1 (EDN1) and EDN receptor type A (EDNRA) are implicated in melanocyte functions. AIM AND OBJECTIVES:This study examines the role of EDN1 (G5665T and T-1370G) and EDNRA (C + 70G and G-231A) polymorphisms as a risk factor for vitiligo, and evaluates the relationship between genotypes and clinical c...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174076
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Dermatology is primarily a non-acute, outpatient-centered clinical specialty, but substantial number of patients need indoor admission for adequate management. Over the years, the need for inpatient facilities in Dermatology has grown manifold; however, these facilities are available only in some tertiary ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.190104
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous leiomyomas are benign tumors derived from the smooth muscles of the skin. They are firm, skin-colored to brownish, frequently painful papules and nodules presenting either as a solitary tumor or multiple clustered lesions. Uncommon patterns of multiple leiomyoma cutis include linear, zosteriform, or dermatom...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.156388
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer of the oral cavity makes up approximately 30% of all head and neck region tumors. Skin metastasis is rare with an incidence ranging between 0.7% and 2.4%. Skin metastasis usually occurs in the neck, scalp, and over the skin near the primary site. We report a patient with carcinoma left buccal mucosa who present...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185764
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Olmsted syndrome is a very rare and severe cicatrizing keratoderma associated with periorificial lesion. Most cases are sporadic but familial occurrence has been also seen. Till now around 73 cases have been reported and none of the reported cases have 4 siblings affected from this disease. We are reporting cases of 4...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.182467
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm seen usually in patients over 50 years of age. Some cases may be asymptomatic initially and are detected during a routine test like complete blood count. They only require a close follow-up and monitoring. However, around 1% of these monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined sign...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174093
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pemphigus is a chronic, potentially life threatening, autoimmune intraepidermal blistering disease affecting the skin and the mucous membrane. Pemphigus may have profound impact on the quality of life in the affected patients. Counselling and adjuvant psychotherapy may be beneficial at least in few patients and should...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_198_17
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress induction, and cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives:To document the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), dyslipidemia, and associated factors in Nigerian patients with LP. Me...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_111_18
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Neurogenic components, as neurotrophic factors and neuropeptides, are probably involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) with the neuroimmunocutaneous system as they modify the functions of immunoactive cells in the skin. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the best-characterized member of the neurot...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.62735
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The world of dermatology is pieced together by clinical conditions unique in their colors, morphology, and configuration. Dermatological signs and terms are influenced by etymology, language, and history. Eponyms also make dermatology a fascinating but linguistically challenging subject. This article reviews dermatolo...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.177799
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acne vulgaris is one of the most commonly seen conditions and the immunological link is a topic of active research. Recently, the Th17 pathway has been found to play a pivotal role in acne. The adaptive immune response toward Propionibacterium acnes leads to activation of Th17 axis. Consequently, the Th17 cytokines (I...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/ijd.IJD_483_16
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A wide prevalence of socio-religious and cultural practices in the Asian subcontinent often leads to multitude of skin diseases which may be missed by the dermatologists because of a lack of awareness. 'Henna' use causes IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions and contact dermatitis. 'Kumkum' application can result in...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.147778
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a dermatosis characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques, typically on the intertriginous surfaces and neck. Common in some populations, its prevalence depends on race. Clinicians should recognize AN; it heralds disorders ranging from endocrinologic disturbances to maligna...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.91828
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is an unusual dermatosis occurring following an attack of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). There are only few reports of PKDL after successful treatment with miltefosine. We report two cases of PKDL that developed after successful treatment of VL with miltefosine. ...
journal_title:Indian journal of dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/0019-5154.110848
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00