Abstract:
:The pathogen-host interactions database (PHI-base) is available at www.phi-base.org PHI-base contains expertly curated molecular and biological information on genes proven to affect the outcome of pathogen-host interactions reported in peer reviewed research articles. In addition, literature that indicates specific gene alterations that did not affect the disease interaction phenotype are curated to provide complete datasets for comparative purposes. Viruses are not included. Here we describe a revised PHI-base Version 4 data platform with improved search, filtering and extended data display functions. A PHIB-BLAST search function is provided and a link to PHI-Canto, a tool for authors to directly curate their own published data into PHI-base. The new release of PHI-base Version 4.2 (October 2016) has an increased data content containing information from 2219 manually curated references. The data provide information on 4460 genes from 264 pathogens tested on 176 hosts in 8046 interactions. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens are represented in almost equal numbers. Host species belong ∼70% to plants and 30% to other species of medical and/or environmental importance. Additional data types included into PHI-base 4 are the direct targets of pathogen effector proteins in experimental and natural host organisms. The curation problems encountered and the future directions of the PHI-base project are briefly discussed.
journal_name
Nucleic Acids Resjournal_title
Nucleic acids researchauthors
Urban M,Cuzick A,Rutherford K,Irvine A,Pedro H,Pant R,Sadanadan V,Khamari L,Billal S,Mohanty S,Hammond-Kosack KEdoi
10.1093/nar/gkw1089subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-01-04 00:00:00pages
D604-D610issue
D1eissn
0305-1048issn
1362-4962pii
gkw1089journal_volume
45pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Base specificity in the interaction of ethidium with double stranded synthetic RNA homopolymers has been studied by means of spectroscopic (UV-visible absorption and fluorescence), microcalorimetric and dilatometric techniques. The results show a strong base specificity in this interaction, the association constant wi...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/15.14.5803
更新日期:1987-07-24 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza A virus segment 2 mRNA expresses three polypeptides: PB1, PB1-F2 and PB1-N40, from AUGs 1, 4 and 5 respectively. Two short open reading frames (sORFs) initiated by AUGs 2 and 3 are also present. To understand translational regulation in this system, we systematically mutated AUGs 1-4 and monitored polypeptid...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkr487
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA sequences, that control expression of the spliced leader (SL) RNA gene in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania amazonensis, were mapped by block substitution mutagenesis. In the absence of a functional in vitro system for transcription, no promoter elements have yet been identified in this organism. We therefore dev...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/22.11.1959
更新日期:1994-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::The interaction of the high mobility group proteins, HMG14 and HMG17, with nucleosome core particles has been studied. The results show that two molecules of HMG14/17 can be bound tightly but reversibly to each core particle and that their affinity for core particles is greater than their affinity for histone-free DNA...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/8.17.3757
更新日期:1980-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::The GenBank((R))sequence database incorporates publicly available DNA sequences of >55 000 different organisms, primarily through direct submission of sequence data from individual laboratories and large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the BankIt (Web) or Sequin programs and accession number...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.15
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stress response mechanisms that modulate the dynamics of tRNA degradation and accumulation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus have been studied in yeast, the rat hepatoma and human cells. In the current study, we investigated tRNA degradation and accumulation in HeLa cells under various forms of stress. We found that i...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkt153
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rpoA gene, encoding the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase, was cloned from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). It is preceded by rpsK and followed by rplQ, encoding ribosomal proteins S11 and L17, respectively, similar to the gene order in Bacillus subtilis. The rpoA gene specifies a protein of 339 amino acids with deduc...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/24.22.4565
更新日期:1996-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Microarrays are an effective tool for monitoring genome-wide gene expression levels. In current microarray analyses, the majority of genes on arrays are frequently eliminated for further analysis because the changes in their expression levels (ratios) are considered to be not significant. This strategy risks failure t...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkl058
更新日期:2006-03-14 00:00:00
abstract::GenBank® (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) is a comprehensive, public database that contains 9.9 trillion base pairs from over 2.1 billion nucleotide sequences for 478 000 formally described species. Daily data exchange with the European Nucleotide Archive and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ensures worldwide coverag...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa1023
更新日期:2021-01-08 00:00:00
abstract::We show that using low denaturation temperatures (80-88 degrees C) during ligation mediated PCR (LM PCR) of bacterial DNA leads to the amplification of limited sets of the less stable DNA fragments. A set of electrophoretic patterns of such fragments obtained at different denaturation temperatures forms the PCR meltin...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gng116
更新日期:2003-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Distamycin binds the minor groove of duplex DNA at AT-rich regions and has been a valuable probe of protein interactions with double-stranded DNA. We find that distamycin can also inhibit protein interactions with G-quadruplex (G4) DNA, a stable four-stranded structure in which the repeating unit is a G-quartet. Using...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkg392
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition of DNA by proteins depends on DNA sequence and structure. Often unanswered is whether the structure of naked DNA persists in a protein-DNA complex, or whether protein binding changes DNA shape. While X-ray structures of protein-DNA complexes are numerous, the structure of naked cognate DNA is seldom availa...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gky033
更新日期:2018-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::Heteroduplexes between the viral DNA of phiX174 and DNA from the replicative form (RF) of phage G4 were examined by electron microscopy. The single Eco RI site of G4-RF was utilized as a physical marker by preparing the heteroduplexes from the denatured, linear DNA obtained by restricting G4-RF with Eco RI endonucleas...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/6.5.1979
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytosines in genomic DNA are sometimes methylated. This affects many biological processes and diseases. The standard way of measuring methylation is to use bisulfite, which converts unmethylated cytosines to thymines, then sequence the DNA and compare it to a reference genome sequence. We describe a method for the cri...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gks275
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human Microprocessor complex cleaves primary microRNA (miRNA) transcripts (pri-miRNAs) to initiate miRNA synthesis. Microprocessor consists of DROSHA (an RNase III enzyme), and DGCR8. DROSHA contains two RNase III domains, RIIIDa and RIIIDb, which simultaneously cleave the 3p- and 5p-strands of pri-miRNAs, respect...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa018
更新日期:2020-03-18 00:00:00
abstract::Micrococcal nuclease has been shown to preferentially cleave chromatin in the region of genes actively engaged in transcription. We have used this preferential cleavage to show that the metallothionein (MT) gene in adult mouse liver, when induced to produce mRNA by injection of cadmium, becomes more susceptible to nuc...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/11.10.3255
更新日期:1983-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::The Rice Proteome Database is the first detailed database to describe the proteome of rice. The current release contains 21 reference maps based on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) of proteins from rice tissues and subcellular compartments. These reference maps comprise 11 941 identified pr...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkh020
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains a small family of vitellogenin genes which is expressed abundantly, but only in the intestine of the adult hermaphrodite worm. In order to identify possible regulatory elements, we have sequenced the DNA surrounding the 5' ends of five of the six genes. Contained within reg...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/13.14.5283
更新日期:1985-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Endonuclease III from Escherichia coli, yeast (yNtg1p and yNtg2p) and human and E.coli endonuclease VIII have a wide substrate specificity, and recognize oxidation products of both thymine and cytosine. DNA containing single dihydrouracil (DHU) and tandem DHU lesions were used as substrates for these repair enzymes. I...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/29.2.407
更新日期:2001-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Polyaromatic molecules with amino chain substituents, upon binding with DNA, selectively catalyze exchange of the A.T base pair protons with bulk water protons. The amine-catalyzed exchange is mediated by compounds which are A.T and G.C base sequence specific, intercalators, and outside binders. A mechanism for the se...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/15.20.8511
更新日期:1987-10-26 00:00:00
abstract::During the splicing process, spliceosomal snRNAs undergo numerous conformational rearrangements that appear to be catalyzed by proteins belonging to the DEAD/H-box superfamily of RNA helicases. We have cloned a new RNA helicase gene, designated DBP2 (DEAH-boxprotein), homologous to the Schizosaccaromyces pombe cdc28(+...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/26.9.2063
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A newly discovered group of spherical plant viruses contains a bipartite genome consisting of a single-strand linear RNA molecule (RNA 1, Mr 1.5 x 10(6) ), and a single-strand, covalently closed circular viroid-like RNA molecule (RNA 2, Mr approximately 125,000). The nucleotide sequences of the RNA 2 of two of these, ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/10.12.3681
更新日期:1982-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the regulation of the DNA damage-mediated gene expression in archaea. Here we report that the addition of actinomycin D to Sulfolobus solfataricus cultures triggers the expression of the radA paralogue sso0777. Furthermore, a specific retarded band is observed when electrophoretic mobility shift ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkm782
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA target recognizing domains of different multispecific DNA-cytosine-methyltransferases can be rearranged through engineering of the corresponding genes to generate enzymes with novel combinations of target recognition. ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/16.14.6649
更新日期:1988-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Alternative splicing is widespread in mammalian gene expression, and variant splice patterns are often specific to different stages of development, particular tissues or a disease state. There is a need to systematically collect data on alternatively spliced exons, introns and splice isoforms, and to annotate this dat...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkh030
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::New transcripts generated by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) are generally processed in order to form mature mRNAs. Two key processing steps include a precise cleavage within the 3' end of the pre-mRNA, and the subsequent polymerization of adenosines to produce the poly(A) tail. In yeast, these two functions are performed ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkx674
更新日期:2017-09-29 00:00:00
abstract::DNA from healthy Malaysian newborns was studied on gene maps after digestion with different restriction endonucleases. Of 65 newborns, two were found to be carriers of two different variants of triplicated alpha-globin loci. In variant no. 1, found in an Malay, the three alpha-globin genes are in an elongated DNA frag...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/9.15.3707
更新日期:1981-08-11 00:00:00
abstract::DNA triplet repeats, 5'-d(CTG)n and 5'-d(CAG)n, are present in genes which have been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate possible stable structures formed by these repeating sequences, we have examined d(CTG)n, d(CAG)n and d(CTG).d(CAG)n (n = 2 and 3) using NMR and UV optical spectroscopy...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/23.21.4303
更新日期:1995-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::DNA polymerases alpha and delta are essential enzymes believed to play critical roles in initiation and replication of chromosome DNA. In this study, we show that the genes for Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S.pombe) DNA polymerase alpha and delta (pol alpha+ and pol delta+) are essential for cell viability. Disruption of...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/21.16.3821
更新日期:1993-08-11 00:00:00
abstract::The metazoan cell cycle-regulated histone mRNAs are the only known cellular mRNAs that do not terminate in a poly(A) tall. Instead, mammalian histone mRNAs terminate in a highly conserved stem-loop structure which is required for 3'-end processing and regulates mRNA stability. The poly(A) tail not only regulates trans...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/24.10.1954
更新日期:1996-05-15 00:00:00