Abstract:
:Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common and debilitating, but largely mysterious, symptom of Parkinson disease. In this review, we will discuss the cerebral substrate of FOG focusing on brain physiology and animal models. Walking is a combination of automatic movement processes, afferent information processing, and intentional adjustments. Thus, normal gait requires a delicate balance between various interacting neuronal systems. To further understand gait control and specifically FOG, we will discuss the basic physiology of gait, animal models of gait disturbance including FOG, alternative etiologies of FOG, and functional magnetic resonance studies investigating FOG. The outcomes of these studies point to a dynamic network of cortical areas such as the supplementary motor area, as well as subcortical areas such as the striatum and the mesencephalic locomotor region including the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Additionally, we will review PPN (area) stimulation as a possible treatment for FOG, and ponder whether PPN stimulation truly is the right step forward. Ann Neurol 2016;80:644-659.
journal_name
Ann Neuroljournal_title
Annals of neurologyauthors
Snijders AH,Takakusaki K,Debu B,Lozano AM,Krishna V,Fasano A,Aziz TZ,Papa SM,Factor SA,Hallett Mdoi
10.1002/ana.24778subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
644-659issue
5eissn
0364-5134issn
1531-8249journal_volume
80pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Intellectual disability is common and is associated with significant morbidity. Until the latter half of the 20th century, there were no efficacious treatments. Following initial breakthroughs associated with newborn screening and metabolic corrections, little progress was made until recently. With improved understand...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/ana.24002
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Residual tumor cells remain beyond the margins of every glioblastoma (GBM) resection. Their resistance to postsurgical therapy is considered a major driving force of mortality, but their biology remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, residual tumor cells were derived via experimental biopsy of the resection m...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.22036
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in 8 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in 10 age-matched elderly control subjects to assess the effects of Alzheimer's disease on the brain. On magnetic resonance images the patients showed significant ventric...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410360110
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in identifying structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy. The assumption that such focal lesions invariably predict the site of seizure origin may not be correct, however. We report a ser...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<461::aid-ana7>3.0.co
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease whose pathophysiological deficits, causing impairment in motor function, are largely unknown. Here we propose that hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), as a glial-released inflammatory factor, contributes to ALS-mediated motor neuron death. METHODS:H2 S conce...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.24372
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Noradrenergic fibers were identified in rat cervical lymph nodes by fluorescence histochemistry and confirmed by radioenzymatic determination of norepinephrine. After superior cervical ganglionectomy, lymph node norepinephrine and noradrenergic fluorescence were strikingly decreased. The alpha-adrenergic radioligand [...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410080509
更新日期:1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To clarify the influence of gastric emptying on levodopa-related motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease, we assessed mobility and plasma levodopa concentrations in 10 patients during five modes of levodopa administration: (1) standard intermittent oral (SIO), (2) intermittent duodenal (ID), (3) continuous duodenal ...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410230611
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between extrapyramidal sign (EPS) severity and cognitive function was investigated in 184 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and 301 normal elderly individuals from a community-dwelling cohort in northern Manhattan, New York City. Fifty-six of the patients with PD met criteria for demen...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410330307
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between odor identification deficits and future mortality in a multiethnic community cohort of older adults. METHODS:Participants were evaluated with the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Follow-up occurred at 2-year intervals with information on...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/ana.24447
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is responsible for a huge and growing health care burden in the developed and developing world. The polygenic risk score (PRS) approach has shown 75 to 84% prediction accuracy of identifying individuals with AD risk. METHODS:In this study, we tes...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.25530
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Positron emission tomography (PET) of glucose metabolism is often applied for the localization of epileptogenic brain regions, but hypometabolic areas are often larger than or can miss epileptogenic cortex in nonlesional neocortical epilepsy. The present study is a three-dimensional brain surface analysis designed to ...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current functional model of the basal ganglia suggests that dyskinesia results from abnormally low activity at the output of the system. This view appears incomplete. The recent literature suggests other factors. Thus, dyskinesia may result from disturbance of surround inhibition: a physiologic mechanism to select...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apolipoprotein E has been implicated in modifying neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury, although the mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly defined. To investigate the role of endogenous apolipoprotein E following acute brain injury, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging was performed on anestheti...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.10098
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Demonstration of intrathecal IgG production is employed in the diagnosis of various neurological disorders. This pathological IgG fraction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be visualized directly as oligoclonal bands by electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing or can be calculated as "excess" or "synthesized" IgG accord...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410170105
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It is being debated whether this reflects diminished demand because of advanced neurodegeneration or that cerebral hypoperfusion contributes to dementia. We examined the relation of CBF velocity as measured with transcranial Doppler ...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.20493
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Alzheimer's disease (AD), loss of cortical and hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity has been correlated with dementia severity and disease duration, and it forms the basis for current therapies. However, the extent to which reductions in ChAT activity are associated with early cognitive decline has...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.10069
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical seizure manifestations, physical examination, radiological studies, neuropsychological tests, and scalp and depth electroencephalographic (EEG) studies were done to localize seizure foci in 32 patients, 23 of whom have undergone surgery with more than one year of follow-up. Of 16 patients with unlocalized sca...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410120306
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The risk for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) associated with thrombolytic treatment has not been evaluated in large studies using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Here, we investigated the relation between pretreatment DWI lesion size and the risk for sICH after thrombolysis. METHODS:In this ret...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/ana.21222
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dopa-decarboxylase, acetylcholinesterase, sodium plus potassium stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ + K+-ATPase), and membrane-bound protein kinase were compared in the erythrocytes of patients with Huntington's disease and normal controls. All these enzymes also exist in the basal ganglia. The Na+ +K+-ATPase lev...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410040111
更新日期:1978-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the presence and kinetics of antibodies against synaptic proteins in patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE). METHODS:Retrospective analysis of 44 patients with polymerase chain reaction-proven HSE for the presence of a large panel of onconeuronal and synaptic receptor antibodies. ...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.23689
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A subset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients develop persistent CD8 hyperlymphocytosis and a Sjogren's syndrome-like syndrome associated with multivisceral CD8 T-cell infiltration, known as the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS). Patients with DILS tend to have higher CD4 cell count...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410410406
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare condition characterized by a reduced cerebral cortex accompanied with intellectual disability. Mutations in 17 genes have been shown to cause this phenotype. Recently, mutations in CIT, encoding CRIK (citron rho-interacting kinase)-a component of the c...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.25044
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.21093
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paraneoplastic chorea is described in 16 patients: 11 with limited small-cell carcinoma, 2 with lung cancer revealed by imaging, 1 with renal cell carcinoma, and 1 with lymphoma. All had CRMP-5-IgG; 6 also had ANNA-1 (anti-Hu), including 1 without evident cancer. Chorea was the initial and most prominent symptom in 11...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/ana.10178
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adult GM2 gangliosidosis is a rare disorder that often presents with both neurological and psychiatric syndromes. Effective treatment of the psychotic and affective symptoms associated with this disorder has been complicated by poor treatment response and the concern that many psychotropic agents may worsen the underl...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/ana.410310320
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::To study the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in human nervous tissue and in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, we used paraffin sections and our modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Sections of MS lesions also were treated with antiserum to basic protein (BP) and with histologica...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410070212
更新日期:1980-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two recent case-control studies have suggested a strong association of a missense polymorphism in exon 2 of the cathepsin D gene (CTSD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). However, these findings were not confirmed in another independent study. We analyzed this polymorphism in two large and independent AD study populations an...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200101)49:1<114::aid-ana18>3.0.c
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) gene, there is a C/G polymorphism immediately after the CAG repeat; the expanded CAG repeat tract is exclusively followed by C, whereas about half of wild-type alleles are followed by G. Using this C/G polymorphism, we have engineered the small interfering RNA (siRNA) which decreased th...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.20141
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the in vitro electrical activity of rat neostriatal neurons following chronic neuroleptic treatment. In haloperidol-treated rats, unlike naive animals, activation of neostriatal D2 dopamine receptors induced a potent presynaptic inhibition of glutamate-mediated excitatory synaptic potentials. Haloperidol tr...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410310404
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent neuroepidemiological studies of endemic tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) have confirmed the existence of high-prevalence foci in several tropical islands, including Jamaica and Martinique in the Caribbean, Tumaco off the Pacific coast of Colombia, and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. There is a net prepond...
journal_title:Annals of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ana.410230728
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00