Abstract:
:The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is used for assessing sensitizing potential in hazard identification and risk assessment for regulatory purposes. Sensitizing potency on the basis of the LLNA is categorized into extreme (EC3 value of ≤0.2%), strong (>0.2% to ≤2%), and moderate (>2%). To compare the sensitizing potencies of fragrance substances, preservatives, and hair dye substances, which are skin sensitizers that frequently come into contact with the skin of consumers and workers, LLNA results and EC3 values for 72 fragrance substances, 25 preservatives and 107 hair dye substances were obtained from two published compilations of LLNA data and opinions by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and its predecessors. The median EC3 values of fragrances (n = 61), preservatives (n = 19) and hair dyes (n = 59) were 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The majority of sensitizing preservatives and hair dyes are thus strong or extreme sensitizers (EC3 value of ≤2%), and fragrances are mostly moderate sensitizers. Although fragrances are typically moderate sensitizers, they are among the most frequent causes of contact allergy. This indicates that factors other than potency need to be addressed more rigorously in risk assessment and risk management.
journal_name
Contact Dermatitisjournal_title
Contact dermatitisauthors
Lidén C,Yazar K,Johansen JD,Karlberg AT,Uter W,White IRdoi
10.1111/cod.12683subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
265-275issue
5eissn
0105-1873issn
1600-0536journal_volume
75pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:The evidence on the safety of topical preparations containing botanical extracts is limited. OBJECTIVES:To assess (i) the use of botanically derived compounds in a large population, (ii) the incidence of cutaneous side-effects, and (iii) the diagnostic usefulness of patch testing. METHODS:A questionnaire w...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1111/cod.12124
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::From 1985 to 1989, 13 cases of contact allergy to olive oil have been identified in the Departments of Dermatology of Kristianstad and Ostersund Hospitals. Known components of olive oil could not be proved to be the cause of the allergy. This high number of patients with contact allergy to olive oil and possible expla...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb03226.x
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patch tests help to confirm the aetiology of the cutaneous adverse drug reactions involving delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms, but the results vary with the pattern of skin reaction and the culprit drug. OBJECTIVES:To analyse the results of patch tests in patients with cutaneous adverse drug reactions imp...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01942.x
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fragrance substances represent a very diverse group of chemicals; a proportion of them are associated with the ability to cause allergic reactions in the skin. Efforts to find substitute materials are hindered by the need to undertake animal testing for determining both skin sensitization hazard and potency. One strat...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00322.x
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Contact urticaria (CU) and protein contact dermatitis (PCD) are mainly induced by an immediate, IgE-mediated immunological mechanism. Immediate sensitization is also linked to asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVES:To report causes of work-induced CU and PCD, and to evaluate the occurrence of concomita...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.12856
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lavender is commonly used in aromatherapy and in a broad range of personal and household products. It has been identified as a contact sensitizer, and has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). OBJECTIVES:To report our experience with contact allergy and ACD caused by lavender, and to rai...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.13247
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In two cases, occupational contact dermatitis was found to be due to chicory (Cichorium) used as a salad plant. In one of the two cases, contact sensitivity to letuce (Lactuca) was also observed. The sesquiterpene lactones of the plant may be the allergens. ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05444.x
更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contact urticaria to potato was confirmed by skin testing in a 26-year-old male with atopic dermatitis, birch-pollen rhinoconjunctivitis and a history of immediate finger itching upon handling raw potato. The potato peel was non-reactive. The urticarial reactivity to potato could be transferred by the patient's serum ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04315.x
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Red tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown. OBJECTIVES:Chemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals. MATERIAL AND METHODS:One hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyze...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.13423
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disperse Blue 106 is an acknowledged skin-sensitization hazard. However, information about the relative sensitization potency of this chemical is lacking, and to provide this information was the purpose of the investigations described here. The approach taken was to measure dose-response relationships for C.I. Dispers...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00578.x
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a study of sickness absence due to occupational dermatoses among 360 construction workers in a prefabrication construction factory in 1984, we found 3 workers with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement who required medical leave. There were 5 sickness absence spells due to occupational dermatoses and ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01257.x
更新日期:1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bullous dermatitis, which resolved leaving hyperpigmentation and which was clinically consistent with phytophotodermatitis , affected the skin of the neck of 2 individuals who wore Hawaiian leis (as neck garlands ) made of the fruits of Pelea anisata . In a Daniels culture plate system portions of the fruits showed ph...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00104.x
更新日期:1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparison was made between the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), open epicutaneous test (OET) and chamber test (CT), and the allergens were neomycin sulphate and propylene glycol (PG). The sensitization rate for neomycin in petrolatum was 35% in GPMT, 25% in OET and 25% in CT. The corresponding figures for neomy...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04960.x
更新日期:1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, we have investigated 42 cosmetic products based on natural ingredients for content of 11 fragrance substances: geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, eugenol, isoeugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, alpha-amylcinnamic aldehyde, citral, coumarin, dihydrocoumarin and alpha-hexylcinnamic aldehyde. T...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02246.x
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::118 consecutive patients were photopatch tested with 5J UVA and 10mJ UVB. In addition, day 7 readings were taken. Testing with UVB and performing late readings conferred no advantage. The current recommendations of the British Photodermatology Group regarding photopatch testing remain the most recent guide to photopat...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440502.x
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Piroxicam (PXM) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may induce a photosensitive eruption shortly after administration. We examined whether animals sensitized to thimerosal developed a photosensitivity to PXM. Male Hartley strain guinea pigs were sensitized to thimerosal, thiosalicylate and PXM separately. T...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01769.x
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to some reports in the literature, the hormonal fluctuations which occur during the menstrual cycle may affect the clinical expression of contact allergy to a greater or lesser degree. In clinical practice, too, patient history often shows exacerbation of the contact dermatitis during the days immediately pr...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00588.x
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review summarizes published and unpublished data of our 15-year experience with sunscreen allergy and photoallergy. From 1981-1996, 402 patients with suspected clinical photosensitivity were patch and photopatch tested with the commercial sunscreens and facial cosmetics that they had used and with chemical UV abs...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02439.x
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A dermatologic investigation of 202 construction painters included patch testing with the TRUE Test standard series and ingredients of water-based paints, glues and putties (painters' series). 32 painters had current eczema and 16 had a history of previous eczema. Of these, 16 and 9, respectively, had current and prev...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00839.x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tween 80 is an ethoxylated hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, which is used for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, and industrial detergents. Ethoxylated surfactants are polyethers and are thus easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to a variety of hydroperoxides, peroxides ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00368.x
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erythema caused by occlusion of 3 concentrations of surfactant was quantified in vivo using a modified spectrophotometer. Standard chamber irritation test sites were evaluated objectively using the spectrophotometer and subjectively by trained observers. There was a good relationship between the instrumental and visua...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02893.x
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1988, 64% of our patients patch test positive to at least 1 allergen of the ICDRG standard series were nickel sensitive. In 70% of 300 patients evaluated, dermatitis started on the earlobes and was related to the regular wearing of cheap earrings. At the same time, 62% of 735 young schoolgirls were found to have de...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03203.x
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::As one step in defining the clinical relevance of exposure to an allergen identified with patch testing, use tests (provocative use test (PUT), and repeated open application test (ROAT)) have been used. In 1/2 of the cases of seemingly reliable patch tests, use tests are negative, suggesting that the patient's biologi...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043001001.x
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The development of persistent itchy nodules at the injection site following hyposensitization therapy with aluminium-precipitated antigen extract has been described in several reports. Occasionally, contact allergy to aluminium has been reported in individuals with such nodules. OBJECTIVES:To investigate if...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01474.x
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors followed the frequency of fragrance contact sensitization in Hungary in a multicentre study in the years 1998 and 1999. A total of 3,604 patients were tested with fragrance mix (FM), and positive reactions were observed in 294 (8.2%). In 160 FM hypersensitive patients, the study was continued with patch te...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460602.x
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the prognosis of facial allergic contact dermatitis (FACD). The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence and 1-year outcome of FACD in patients patch tested. 655 consecutive patients patch tested with European standard series in Peking University Hospital in a 2-year period were s...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01198.x
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In continuation of our preceding studies, we disclose long-term experiments to test more extensively the protective power of the novel 4H Glove. 2 compounds encountered in modern electron microscopy technique, 1-hexadecene (1-HD) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA), which elicit allergic and/or toxic reactions in labo...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00122.x
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hand eczema is common in the nursing profession, and has been reported widely in various parts of the world. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of hand eczema among nurses working in a regional hospital in Hong Kong, as well as its psychosocial impact and any possi...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01961.x
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A healed or healing allergic contact dermatitis is easily reactivated to a flare-up if the patient is provoked systemically with his particular allergen. 5 patients with contact allergy to gold were patch tested with a serial dilution of gold sodium thiosulfate. 1 to 2 months later, when positive test reactions were h...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06103.x
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Occlusion of the skin is a risk factor for development of irritant contact dermatitis. Occlusion may, however, have a positive effect on skin healing. No consensus on the effect of occlusion has been reached. OBJECTIVES:To investigate skin barrier response to occlusion on intact and damaged skin. METHODS:I...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01773.x
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00