Abstract：
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:γ-butyrobetaine (γBB) is a metabolite from dietary Carnitine, involved in the gut microbiota-dependent conversion from Carnitine to the pro-atherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Orally ingested γBB has a pro-atherogenic effect in experimental studies, but γBB has not been studied in relation to atherosclerosis in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between serum levels of γBB, TMAO and their common precursors Carnitine and trimethyllysine (TML) and carotid atherosclerosis and adverse outcome. METHODS:Serum γBB, Carnitine, TML and TMAO were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography in patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis (n = 264) and healthy controls (n = 62). RESULTS:Serum γBB (p = 0.024) and Carnitine (p = 0.001), but not TMAO or TML, were increased in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Higher levels of γBB and TML, but not TMAO or Carnitine were independently associated with cardiovascular death also after adjustment for age and eGFR (adjusted HR [95%] 3.3 [1.9-9.1], p = 0.047 and 6.0 [1.8-20.34], p = 0.026, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Patients with carotid atherosclerosis had increased serum levels of γBB, and elevated levels of γBB and its precursor TML were associated with cardiovascular mortality. Long-term clinical studies of γBB, as a cardiovascular risk marker, and safety studies regarding dietary supplementation of γBB, are warranted.
journal_name
Atherosclerosisjournal_title
Atherosclerosisauthors
Skagen K,Trøseid M,Ueland T,Holm S,Abbas A,Gregersen I,Kummen M,Bjerkeli V,Reier-Nilsen F,Russell D,Svardal A,Karlsen TH,Aukrust P,Berge RK,Hov JE,Halvorsen B,Skjelland Mdoi
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.033subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-04-01 00:00:00pages
64-9eissn
0021-9150issn
1879-1484pii
S0021-9150(16)30032-6journal_volume
247pub_type
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