Abstract:
:Human pressures on the ocean are thought to be increasing globally, yet we know little about their patterns of cumulative change, which pressures are most responsible for change, and which places are experiencing the greatest increases. Managers and policymakers require such information to make strategic decisions and monitor progress towards management objectives. Here we calculate and map recent change over 5 years in cumulative impacts to marine ecosystems globally from fishing, climate change, and ocean- and land-based stressors. Nearly 66% of the ocean and 77% of national jurisdictions show increased human impact, driven mostly by climate change pressures. Five percent of the ocean is heavily impacted with increasing pressures, requiring management attention. Ten percent has very low impact with decreasing pressures. Our results provide large-scale guidance about where to prioritize management efforts and affirm the importance of addressing climate change to maintain and improve the condition of marine ecosystems.
journal_name
Nat Communjournal_title
Nature communicationsauthors
Halpern BS,Frazier M,Potapenko J,Casey KS,Koenig K,Longo C,Lowndes JS,Rockwood RC,Selig ER,Selkoe KA,Walbridge Sdoi
10.1038/ncomms8615subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-07-14 00:00:00pages
7615issn
2041-1723pii
ncomms8615journal_volume
6pub_type
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