Abstract:
:Objective. Compare glaucoma medication costs between the United States (USA) and Canada. Methods. We modelled glaucoma brand name and generic medication annual costs in the USA and Canada based on October 2013 Costco prices and previously reported bottle overfill rates, drops per mL, and wastage adjustment. We also calculated real wholesale price changes from 2006 to 2013 based on the Average Wholesale Price (USA) and the Ontario Drug Benefit Price (Canada). Results. US brand name medication costs were on average 4x more than Canadian medication costs (range: 1.9x-6.9x), averaging a cost difference of $859 annually. US generic costs were on average the same as Canadian costs, though variation exists. US brand name wholesale prices increased from 2006 to 2013 more than Canadian prices (US range: 29%-349%; Canadian range: 9%-16%). US generic wholesale prices increased modestly (US range: -23%-58%), and Canadian wholesale prices decreased (Canadian range: -38%-0%). Conclusions. US brand name glaucoma medications are more expensive than Canadian medications, though generic costs are similar (with some variation). The real prices of brand name medications increased more in the USA than in Canada. Generic price changes were more modest, with real prices actually decreasing in Canada.
journal_name
J Ophthalmoljournal_title
Journal of ophthalmologyauthors
Schlenker MB,Trope GE,Buys YMdoi
10.1155/2015/547960subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-01-01 00:00:00pages
547960eissn
2090-004Xissn
2090-0058journal_volume
2015pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Purpose. To evaluate the ability of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to detect subtle amounts of retinal fluid when the choroidal neovascularization is detected as inactive via time-domain optical coherence tomography and clinical examination in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients....
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/786107
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To compare anterior chamber depth (ACD), representing the distance between the anterior corneal surface and anterior lens surface measurements between the Galilei Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer and the IOLMaster. Methods. A retrospective review of 65 individual patient eyes with normal anterior segments, and no pr...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2012/430249
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) for intraoperative flattening of the retina and of F6H8/silicone oil (SO) 1000 cSt as a postoperative tamponade for inferior retinal detachment with inferior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Methods. This is a retrospective review of 22 p...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/956831
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To report a new clinical finding related to Fabry disease. Methods. Fabry subjects were enrolled in the study, matched for age and sex with healthy individuals as a control group. This is a prospective review of all upper lid pictures taken for every subject at their last visit. A 4-step grading scale is prop...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/207573
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Recent studies suggest that intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations, peaks, and rhythm are important factors in disease advancement. Yet, current glaucoma management remains hinged on single IOP measurements during clinic hours. To overcome this limitation,...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2016/4727423
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To calculate the Q values from the human anterior corneal surface with the tangential radius of curvature and analyze its distribution characteristics in different age and refractive status groups. Methods:Tangential power maps of the anterior cornea from Orbscan II were acquired for 201 subjects' right eyes...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/7263564
更新日期:2018-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To evaluate interobserver, intervisit, and interinstrument agreements for gonioscopy and Fourier domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (FD ASOCT) for classifying open and narrow angle eyes. Methods. Eighty-six eyes with open or narrow anterior chamber angles were included. The superior angle wa...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/1727039
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study is for identifying systemic factors correlating with intraocular levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic retinopathy. Forty-two consecutive patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for PDR were included in this cross-sectional study. The aqueous humor ...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/4831967
更新日期:2019-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::Keratoconus is typically diagnosed through changes at the anterior ocular surface. However, we wished to assess if macular parameter changes might also occur in these patients. We assessed posterior changes through the use of optical coherence tomography and compared to a nonkeratoconus patient group. All subjects und...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/245953
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To characterize the relative contributions of intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) on lamina cribrosa (LC) behavior, specifically LC depth (LCD) and LC peak strain. Methods:An axially symmetric finite element model of the posterior eye was constructed with an elongated optic nerve and ret...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/3064949
更新日期:2019-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To compare the mean corneal power (Km) and total astigmatism (Ka) estimated by three methods: simulated keratometry (simK), true net power (TNP), and total corneal refractive power (TCRP) before and after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery. Methods. A retrospective, cross-se...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/9659481
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To compare dry eye disease following SMILE versus FS-LASIK. Design. Prospective, nonrandomised, observational study. Patients. 90 patients undergoing refractive surgery for myopia were included. 47 eyes underwent SMILE and 43 eyes underwent FS-LASIK. Methods. Evaluation of dry eye disease was conducted preope...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/132417
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the percent reduction in the intraocular pressure (IOP) after argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) and systemic medical therapy in patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC). Methods:We searched a number of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBA...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2019/7697416
更新日期:2019-05-02 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To evaluate changes in flow density after the implantation of a trabecular microbypass stent (iStent) in combination with cataract surgery. Methods:A total of 48 eyes of 48 patients, who underwent either cataract surgery alone (cataract group) or cataract surgery with implantation of two iStent inject devices ...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/2890357
更新日期:2018-01-31 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To evaluate the changes in retinal vessel density and thickness after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in myopic patients. Methods:In this prospective study, SMILE surgeries were done in 46 eyes of 24 patients with spherical equivalent (SE) more t...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/3693140
更新日期:2019-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common retinal disease. Recent works mentioned spontaneous retinal arterial pulsations (SRAPs) as a feature of some CRVOs. This is a retrospective study on patients presenting with CRVO who were followed up for at least 6 months. The objective was to identify SRAP in the acut...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/3107472
更新日期:2020-06-09 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To determine the efficacy of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) on visual acuity (VA) and quality after multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods. In this prospective case series, patients who developed symptomatic PVD and were not satisfied with visua...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/156910
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:The aim of this work was to describe the ultrastructure and behavior of peeled internal limiting membrane (ILM) in macular hole (MH) surgery. Methods:Seven patients with MH were included, and vitrectomy with ILM peeling was performed in all patients. The ILM inverted flap technique was used. Two other flaps of...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/1345683
更新日期:2019-05-02 00:00:00
abstract::SD-OCT has become an essential tool for evaluating macular pathology; however several aspects of data collection and analysis affect the accuracy of retinal thickness measurements. Here we evaluated sampling density, scan centering, and axial length compensation as factors affecting the accuracy of macular thickness m...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2011/692574
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. This study retrospectively analyzed cataract surgeries to examine the usefulness of Surgical Media Center (SMC) (Abbott Medical Optics Inc.), a new cataract surgery recording device, for training of cataract surgery. Methods. We studied five hundred cataract surgeries conducted with a phacoemulsification syst...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/8435086
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fifty-two eyes of 52 patients with treatment-naïve macular edema associated with perfused branch retinal vein occlusion were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-seven cases received PRN intravitreal bevacizumab, and 25 cases were treated by PRN intravitreal aflibercept with monthly follow-ups for 12 months. Both afliberc...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/8421940
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To investigate the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and choroid in patients who have migraines in comparison to healthy controls. Methods. This study included 76 eyes and patients in the migraine group, 36 with aura (MWA group) and 40 without (MWoA group), and 38 eyes as control subjects. The...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/868967
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To investigate the agreement between morphometric optic nerve head parameters assessed with the confocal laser ophthalmoscope HRT III and the stereoscopic fundus camera Kowa nonmyd WX3D retrospectively. Methods. Morphometric optic nerve head parameters of 40 eyes of 40 patients with primary open angle glaucom...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/4764857
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To investigate the correlation between decentration index (index of height decentration, IHD) automatically calculated by the Pentacam HR software and the manually calculated inferior minus superior (I-S) value. Setting:Al Watany Eye Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Methods:In a retrospective study, history taking, cl...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/7875148
更新日期:2018-10-02 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:Observation of ocular structures using microscope-integrated intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) has been adopted. Using the novel digital ophthalmic microscope, ARTEVO 800 with iOCT, we tested the feasibility of trabecular meshwork (TM) imaging during microhook ab interno trabeculotomy, a minima...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/9024241
更新日期:2020-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::Purpose. To examine financial and clinical work productivity outcomes associated with the use of the electronic health record (EHR). Methods. 191,360 billable clinical encounters were analyzed for 12 clinical providers over a 9-year study period during which an EHR was implemented. Main outcome measures were clinical ...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/329819
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To evaluate the difference in the repeatability of automated superficial retinal vessel density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics according to the measurement area of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods:A total of 127 normal eyes from 127 healthy subjects were included. Macular angio...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/5686894
更新日期:2020-04-17 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose:To examine the morphological changes in the meibomian glands of patients with keratoconus as well as to study the relationship between these changes in the morphology and several tear film parameters. Methods:Examination of the meibomian gland (MG) of 300 keratoconus patients presenting to the center using inf...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2019/2965872
更新日期:2019-06-02 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To date, the topic of amblyopic changes remains controversial. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to evaluate choroidal changes in unilateral amblyopia. METHODS:Major literature databases were searched for amblyopia-relevant studies. Using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2017/2915261
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the detailed distribution of corneal epithelial thickness in single sectors and its correlated characteristics in myopic eyes. METHODS:SD-OCT was used to measure the corneal epithelial thickness distribution profile. Differences of corneal epithelial thickness between different parameters and so...
journal_title:Journal of ophthalmology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/1018321
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00